As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 5, 2007 Registration No. 333-
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form S-3
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
GLADSTONE COMMERCIAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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Maryland
(State of Organization)
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02-0681276
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.) |
1521 Westbranch Drive, Suite 200, McLean, Virginia 22102
(703) 287-5800
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of registrants principal executive offices)
David Gladstone, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Gladstone Commercial Corporation
1521 Westbranch Drive, Suite 200
McLean, Virginia 22102
(703) 287-5800
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of agent for service):
Copies to:
Thomas R. Salley, Esq.
Darren K. DeStefano, Esq.
Christina L. Novak, Esq.
Cooley Godward Kronish LLP
One Freedom Square
Reston Town Center
11951 Freedom Drive
Reston, Virginia 20190-5656
(703) 456-8000
(703) 456-8100 (facsimile)
Approximate Date of Commencement of Proposed Sale to the Public: From time to time after
the Registration Statement becomes effective.
If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to
dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. o
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or
continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following
box: þ
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to
Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, please check the following box and list the
Securities Act of 1933 registration statement number of the earlier effective registration
statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a
post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission
pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to
General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of
securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box o
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
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Proposed Maximum |
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Amount of |
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Title of Each Class of |
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Aggregate Offering |
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Registration |
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Securities to be Registered |
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Price(1)(2) |
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Fee |
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Shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share |
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(3) |
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Shares of Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share |
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(3) |
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Total |
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$300,000,000 |
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$9,210 |
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(1) |
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Pursuant to General Instruction III.D. of Form S-3 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities
Act), the fee table does not specify by each class of securities to be registered information as to the amount to
be registered and proposed maximum offering price per unit. |
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Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act. |
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(3) |
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There are being registered hereunder such indeterminate number of shares of common stock and preferred stock as
shall have an aggregate offering price not to exceed $300,000,000. Any securities offered hereunder may be sold
separately or as units with the other securities registered hereunder. |
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be
necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which
specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in
accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement
shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to
said Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed.
We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with
the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an
offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting any offer to buy these
securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED DECEMBER 5, 2007
PROSPECTUS
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GLADSTONE COMMERCIAL CORPORATION |
$300,000,000
Shares of Common Stock
Shares of Preferred Stock
We may offer and sell from time to time securities in one or more offerings up to an
aggregate dollar amount of $300,000,000 of securities. This prospectus provides you with a general
description of the securities we may offer.
We may offer and sell the following securities:
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shares of common stock; and |
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shares of preferred stock, which may be convertible into our shares of common stock. |
Each time securities are sold using this prospectus, we will provide a supplement to
this prospectus containing specific information about the offering. The supplement may also add,
update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and any
supplement before you invest.
The securities will be offered directly to investors or through underwriters, dealers or
agents. The supplements to this prospectus will provide the specific terms of the plan of
distribution.
To ensure that we maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust under the
applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, ownership of our equity
securities by any person is subject to certain limitations. See Certain Provisions of Maryland Law
and of our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws Restrictions on Ownership of Shares.
Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol GOOD. On
December 3, 2007, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market was
$16.81. The applicable prospectus supplement will contain information, where applicable, as to any
other listing on the Nasdaq Global Market or any other securities exchange of the securities
covered by such prospectus.
We maintain our executive offices at 1521 Westbranch Drive, Suite 200, McLean, Virginia
22102. Our telephone number is (703) 287-5800.
Please see page 2 for risk factors relating to an investment in Gladstone Commercial
Corporation which you should consider.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has
approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or
complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date of this prospectus is , 2007.
You should rely only on the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this
prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that
contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking
offers to buy, the securities described in this prospectus only in jurisdictions where offers and
sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date
of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of shares.
You should not assume that the information appearing in this prospectus or any applicable
prospectus supplement or the documents incorporated by reference herein or therein is accurate as
of any date other than their respective dates. Our business, financial condition, results of
operation and prospects may have changed since those dates.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Prospectus Summary |
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1 |
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Recent Developments |
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About This Prospectus |
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2 |
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Risk Factors |
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2 |
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Forward-Looking Statements |
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Incorporation by Reference |
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Where You Can Find More Information |
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Use of Proceeds |
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Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Preferred Dividends |
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Description of Our Capital Stock |
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Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws |
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Certain United States Federal Tax Considerations |
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Plan of Distribution |
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35 |
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Experts |
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36 |
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Legal Matters |
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36 |
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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
As used in this prospectus, references to we, our, us, the Company and the REIT are
to Gladstone Commercial Corporation and, except as the context otherwise requires, its wholly owned
subsidiaries Gladstone Commercial Limited Partnership, Gladstone Commercial Partners, LLC,
Gladstone Lending LLC and Gladstone Commercial Advisers, Inc. References to the Operating
Partnership are to Gladstone Commercial Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership, which
we control through our ownership of GCLP Business Trust II, a Massachusetts business trust, which
is the general partner of our Operating Partnership, and of GCLP Business Trust I, a Massachusetts
business trust, which currently holds all of the limited partnership units of our Operating
Partnership. When we use the term Adviser we are referring to our Adviser, Gladstone Management
Corporation. The Operating Partnership is also the sole member of Gladstone Lending, LLC, which we
refer to herein as Gladstone Lending. Gladstone Lending is a Delaware limited liability company
created to hold all real estate mortgage loans issued by the Operating Partnership.
We were incorporated under the General Corporation Law of the State of Maryland on
February 14, 2003 primarily for the purpose of investing in and owning net leased industrial and
commercial real estate property and selectively making long-term industrial and commercial mortgage
loans to creditworthy entities. Subject to certain restrictions and limitations, the business of
the Company is managed by the Adviser. Most of the portfolio of real estate we currently own is
leased to a wide cross section of tenants ranging from small businesses to large public companies,
many of which do not have publicly rated debt. We have in the past entered into, and intend in the
future to enter into, purchase agreements for real estate that have triple net leases with terms of
10 to 15 years and built in rental increases. Under a triple net lease, the tenant is required to
pay all operating, maintenance and insurance costs and real estate taxes with respect to the leased
property. We are actively communicating with buyout funds, real estate brokers and other third
parties to locate properties for potential acquisition or mortgage financing in an effort to build
our portfolio. At September 30, 2007, we owned 47 properties totaling approximately 5.5 million
square feet, and had one mortgage loan outstanding. All of our properties are fully leased and all
tenants and borrowers are current and paying in accordance with their leases and loan,
respectively.
We conduct substantially all of our activities, including the ownership of all of our
properties, through our Operating Partnership, which was formed on May 28, 2003. We control our
Operating Partnership through our ownership of GCLP Business Trust II, a Massachusetts business
trust, which is the general partner of our Operating Partnership, and of GCLP Business Trust I, a
Massachusetts business trust, which currently holds all of the limited partnership units of our
Operating Partnership. We expect the Operating Partnership to issue limited partnership units from
time to time in exchange for industrial and commercial real property. By structuring our
acquisitions in this manner, the sellers of the real estate will generally be able to defer the
realization of gains until they redeem the limited partnership units. Limited partners who hold
limited partnership units in the Operating Partnership will be entitled to redeem these units for
cash or, at our election, shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis at any time. Whenever
we issue common stock for cash, we will be obligated to contribute any net proceeds we receive from
the sale of the stock to the Operating Partnership and the Operating Partnership will, in turn, be
obligated to issue an equivalent number of limited partnership units to us. The Operating
Partnership will distribute the income it generates from its operations to Gladstone Commercial
Partners, LLC and its limited partners, including us, on a pro rata basis. We will, in turn,
distribute the amounts we receive from the Operating Partnership to our stockholders in the form of
monthly cash distributions. We have historically operated, and intend to continue to operate, so as
to qualify as a REIT for federal tax purposes, thereby generally avoiding federal and state income
taxes on the distributions we make to our stockholders.
The Operating Partnership is also the sole member of Gladstone Lending. Gladstone Lending is a
Delaware limited liability company that was formed on January 27, 2004 to hold all of our real
estate mortgage loans.
Our Adviser is a registered investment adviser and an affiliate of ours. Our Adviser is
responsible for managing our business on a day-to-day basis and for identifying and making
acquisitions and dispositions that it believes meet our investment criteria.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
On October 15, 2007, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, we borrowed $16.0 million pursuant to
a long-term note payable from Countrywide Commercial Real Estate Finance, which is collateralized
by security interests in our Mt. Pocono, Pennsylvania property, our Raleigh, North Carolina
property and our Mason, Ohio property in the amounts of approximately $5.4 million, $5.6 million
and $5.0 million, respectively. The note accrues interest at a rate of 6.63% per year and we may
not repay this note prior to the last three months of the term, or we would be subject to a
substantial prepayment penalty. The note has a maturity date of November 8, 2017. We used the
proceeds from the note to pay down the outstanding balance on the line of credit.
On November 13, 2007, we, through our Operating Partnership, exercised an option under our
existing credit agreement with KeyBank National Association to increase the current maximum
availability under the credit agreement from $75 million to $95 million. The credit agreement was
originally established on December 29, 2006.
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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we filed with the SEC using a shelf
registration process or continuous offering process. Under this shelf registration process, we may,
from time to time, sell the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings. This
prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities that may be offered by us. We
may also file, from time to time, a prospectus supplement or an amendment to the registration
statement of which this prospectus forms a part containing specific information about us and the
terms of the securities being offered. That prospectus supplement or amendment may include
additional risk factors or other special considerations applicable to those securities. Any
prospectus supplement or amendment may also add, update, or change information in this prospectus.
If there is any supplement or amendment, you should rely on the information in that prospectus
supplement or amendment.
This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement do not contain all of the
information included in the registration statement. For further information, we refer you to the
registration statement and any amendments to such registration statement, including its exhibits.
Statements contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement about the
provisions or contents of any agreement or other document are not necessarily complete. If the
SECs rules and regulations require that an agreement or document be filed as an exhibit to the
registration statement, please see that agreement or document for a complete description of these
matters.
You should read both this prospectus and any prospectus supplement together with additional
information described below under the heading Where You Can Find More Information. Information
incorporated by reference with the SEC after the date of this prospectus, or information included
in any prospectus supplement or an amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus
forms a part, may add, update, or change information in this prospectus or any prospectus
supplement. If information in these subsequent filings, prospectus supplements or amendments is
inconsistent with this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, the information incorporated by
reference or included in the subsequent prospectus supplement or amendment will supersede the
information in this prospectus or any earlier prospectus supplement. You should not assume that the
information in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement is accurate as of any date other than
the date on the front of each document.
RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider the risk factors set forth below as well as the other
information included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. An investment in the
securities offered by this prospectus involves a significant degree of risk, including but not
limited to the risks described below. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us
or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business
operations. Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business,
financial condition or results of operations. In such case, you could lose a portion of your
original investment.
Real estate industry risks
We are subject to certain risks associated with real estate ownership and lending which could reduce the value of our investments.
Our investments include net leased industrial and commercial property and mortgage loans
secured by industrial and commercial real estate. Our performance, and the value of our
investments, is subject to risks incident to the ownership and operation of these types of
properties, including:
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changes in the general economic climate; |
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changes in local conditions such as an oversupply of space or reduction in demand for real estate; |
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changes in interest rates and the availability of financing; |
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competition from other available space; and |
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changes in laws and governmental regulations, including those governing real estate usage, zoning and taxes. |
Competition for the acquisition of real estate may impede our ability to make acquisitions or
increase the cost of these acquisitions.
We compete for the acquisition of properties with many other entities engaged in real estate
investment activities, including financial institutions, institutional pension funds, other REITs,
other public and private real estate companies and private real estate investors. These competitors
may prevent us from acquiring desirable properties or may cause an increase in the price we must
pay for real estate. Our competitors may have greater resources than we do, and may be willing to
pay more for certain assets or may have a more compatible operating philosophy with our acquisition
targets. In particular, larger REITs may enjoy significant competitive advantages that result from,
among other things, a lower cost of capital and enhanced operating efficiencies. Our competitors
may also adopt transaction structures similar to ours, which would decrease our competitive advantage in
offering flexible transaction terms. In addition, the number of entities and the amount of funds
competing for suitable investment properties may increase, resulting in increased demand and
increased prices paid for these properties.
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Risks related to our tenants, borrowers and properties
Highly leveraged tenants or borrowers may be unable to pay rent or make mortgage payments, which
could adversely affect our cash available to make distributions to our stockholders.
Some of our tenants or borrowers may have been recently restructured using leverage or been
acquired in a leveraged transaction. Tenants or borrowers that are subject to significant debt
obligations may be unable to make their rent or mortgage payments if there are adverse changes to
their businesses or economic conditions. Tenants that have experienced leveraged restructurings or
acquisitions will generally have substantially greater debt and substantially lower net worth than
they had prior to the leveraged transaction. In addition, the payment of rent and debt service may
reduce the working capital available to leveraged entities and prevent them from devoting the
resources necessary to remain competitive in their industries.
In situations where management of the tenant or borrower will change after a transaction, it
may be difficult for our Adviser to determine with certainty the likelihood of the tenants or
borrowers business success and of its ability to pay rent or make mortgage payments throughout the
lease or loan term. These companies generally are more vulnerable to adverse economic and business
conditions, and increases in interest rates.
Leveraged tenants and borrowers are more susceptible to bankruptcy than unleveraged tenants.
Bankruptcy of a tenant or borrower could cause:
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the loss of lease or mortgage payments to us; |
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an increase in the costs we incur to carry the property occupied by such tenant; |
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a reduction in the value of our securities; or |
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a decrease in distributions to our stockholders. |
Under bankruptcy law, a tenant who is the subject of bankruptcy proceedings has the option of
continuing or terminating any unexpired lease. If a bankrupt tenant terminates a lease with us, any
claim we might have for breach of the lease (excluding a claim against collateral securing the
claim) will be treated as a general unsecured claim. Our claim would likely be capped at the amount
the tenant owed us for unpaid rent prior to the bankruptcy unrelated to the termination, plus the
greater of one years lease payments or 15% of the remaining lease payments payable under the lease
(but no more than three years lease payments). In addition, due to the long-term nature of our
leases and terms providing for the repurchase of a property by the tenant, a bankruptcy court could
re-characterize a net lease transaction as a secured lending transaction. If that were to occur, we
would not be treated as the owner of the property, but might have additional rights as a secured
creditor.
Net leases may not result in fair market lease rates over time.
We expect a large portion of our rental income to come from net leases and, net leases
frequently provide the tenant greater discretion in using the leased property than ordinary
property leases, such as the right to freely sublease the property, to make alterations in the
leased premises and to terminate the lease prior to its expiration under specified circumstances.
Further, net leases are typically for longer lease terms and, thus, there is an increased risk that
contractual rental increases in future years will fail to result in fair market rental rates during
those years. As a result, our income and distributions to our stockholders could be lower than it
would otherwise be if we did not engage in net leases.
Many of our tenants are small and medium size businesses, which exposes us to additional risks
unique to these entities.
Leasing real property or making mortgage loans to small and medium-sized businesses exposes us
to a number of unique risks related to these entities, including the following:
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Small and medium-sized businesses may have limited financial resources
and may not be able to make their lease or mortgage payments. A small
or medium-sized tenant or borrower is more likely to have difficulty
making its lease or mortgage payments when it experiences adverse
events, such as the failure to meet its business plan, a downturn in
its industry or negative economic conditions. |
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Small and medium-sized businesses typically have narrower product
lines and smaller market shares than large businesses. Because our
target tenants and borrowers are smaller businesses, they will tend to
be more vulnerable to competitors actions and market conditions, as
well as general economic downturns. In addition, our target tenants
and borrowers may face intense competition, including competition from
companies with greater financial resources, more extensive
development, manufacturing, marketing and other capabilities and a
larger number of qualified managerial and technical personnel. |
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There is generally little or no publicly available information about
our target tenants and borrowers. Many of our tenants and borrowers
are likely to be privately owned businesses, about which there is
generally little or no publicly available operating and financial
information. As a result, we will rely on our Adviser to perform due
diligence investigations of these tenants and borrowers, their
operations and their prospects. We may not learn all of the material
information we need to know regarding these businesses through our
investigations. |
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Small and medium-sized businesses generally have less predictable
operating results. We expect that many of our tenants and borrowers
may experience significant fluctuations in their operating results,
may from time to time be parties to litigation, may be engaged in
rapidly changing businesses with products subject to a substantial
risk of obsolescence, may require substantial additional capital to
support their operations, to finance expansion or to maintain their
competitive positions, may otherwise have a weak financial position or
may be adversely affected by changes in the business cycle. Our
tenants and borrowers may not meet net income, cash flow and other
coverage tests typically imposed by their senior lenders. The failure
of a tenant or borrower to satisfy financial or operating covenants
imposed by senior lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially,
foreclosure on credit facilities, which could additionally trigger
cross-defaults in other agreements. If this were to occur, it is
possible that the ability of the tenant or borrower to make required
payments to us would be jeopardized. |
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Small and medium-sized businesses are more likely to be dependent on
one or two persons. Typically, the success of a small or medium-sized
business also depends on the management talents and efforts of one or
two persons or a small group of persons. The death, disability or
resignation of one or more of these persons could have a material
adverse impact on our tenant or borrower and, in turn, on us. |
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Small and medium-sized businesses may have limited operating
histories. While we intend to target as tenants and borrowers stable
companies with proven track records, we may lease properties or lend
money to new companies that meet our other investment criteria.
Tenants or borrowers with limited operating histories will be exposed
to all of the operating risks that new businesses face and may be
particularly susceptible to, among other risks, market downturns,
competitive pressures and the departure of key executive officers. |
We may not have funding for future tenant improvements.
When a tenant at one of our properties does not renew its lease or otherwise vacates its space
in one of our buildings, it is likely that, in order to attract one or more new tenants, we will be
required to expend substantial funds for tenant improvements and tenant refurbishments to the
vacated space. We cannot assure you that we will have sufficient sources of funding available to us
for such purposes in the future.
Our real estate investments may include special use and single or multi-tenant properties that may
be difficult to sell or re-lease upon tenant defaults or early lease terminations.
We focus our investments on commercial, industrial and retail properties, a number of which
include manufacturing facilities, special use storage or warehouse facilities and special use
single or multi-tenant properties. These types of properties are relatively illiquid compared to
other types of real estate and financial assets. This illiquidity will limit our ability to quickly
change our portfolio in response to changes in economic or other conditions. With these properties,
if the current lease is terminated or not renewed or, in the case of a mortgage loan, if we take
such property in foreclosure, we may be required to renovate the property or to make rent
concessions in order to lease the property to another tenant or sell the property. In addition, in
the event we are forced to sell the property, we may have difficulty selling it to a party other
than the tenant or borrower due to the special purpose for which the property may have been
designed.
These and other limitations may affect our ability to sell or re-lease properties without
adversely affecting returns to our stockholders.
The inability of a tenant in a single tenant property to pay rent will reduce our revenues.
Since most of our properties are occupied by a single tenant, the success of our investments
will be materially dependent on the financial stability of these tenants. Lease payment defaults by
these tenants could adversely affect our cash flows and cause us to reduce the amount of
distributions to stockholders. In the event of a default by a tenant, we may experience delays in
enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment and re-leasing our
property. If a lease is terminated, there is no assurance that we will be able to lease the
property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss.
4
Liability for uninsured losses could adversely affect our financial condition.
Losses from disaster-type occurrences (such as wars or earthquakes) may be either uninsurable
or not insurable on economically viable terms. Should an uninsured loss occur, we could lose our
capital investment or anticipated profits and cash flow from one or more properties.
Potential liability for environmental matters could adversely affect our financial condition.
Our purchase of industrial, commercial and retail properties subjects us to the risk of
liabilities under federal, state and local environmental laws. Some of these laws could subject us
to:
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responsibility and liability for the cost of removal or remediation of hazardous substances released on our
properties, generally without regard to our knowledge of or responsibility for the presence of the contaminants; |
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liability for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous substances at disposal facilities for persons who
arrange for the disposal or treatment of these substances; and |
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potential liability for common law claims by third parties for damages resulting from environmental contaminants. |
We generally include provisions in our leases making tenants responsible for all environmental
liabilities and for compliance with environmental regulations, and requiring tenants to reimburse
us for damages or costs for which we have been found liable. However, these provisions will not
eliminate our statutory liability or preclude third party claims against us. Even if we were to
have a legal claim against a tenant to enable us to recover any amounts we are required to pay,
there are no assurances that we would be able to collect any money from the tenant. Our costs of
investigation, remediation or removal of hazardous substances may be substantial. In addition, the
presence of hazardous substances on one of our properties, or the failure to properly remediate a
contaminated property, could adversely affect our ability to sell or lease the property or to
borrow using the property as collateral.
We obtain environmental site assessments, or ESAs, on all of our properties at the time of
acquisition. The ESAs are intended to identify potential environmental contamination. The ESAs
include a historical review of the property, a review of certain public records, a preliminary
investigation of the site and surrounding properties, screening for the presence of hazardous
substances and underground storage tanks, and the preparation and issuance of a written report.
The ESAs that we have obtained have not revealed any environmental liability or compliance
concerns that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, assets, results of
operations or liquidity, nor are we aware of any such liability. Nevertheless, it is possible that
these ESAs do not reveal all environmental liabilities or that there are material environmental
liabilities or compliance concerns that we are not aware of. Moreover, we cannot assure you that
(i) future laws, ordinances or regulations will not impose material environmental liability, or
(ii) the current environmental condition of a property will not be affected by the condition of
properties in the vicinity of the property (such as the presence of leaking underground storage
tanks) or by third parties unrelated to us.
Risks related to our Adviser
We are dependent upon our key management personnel, who are employed by our Adviser, for our future
success, particularly David Gladstone, Terry Lee Brubaker and George Stelljes III.
We are dependent on our senior management and other key management members to carry out our
business and investment strategies. Our future success depends to a significant extent on the
continued service and coordination of our senior management team, particularly David Gladstone, our
chairman and chief executive officer, Terry Lee Brubaker, our vice chairman and chief operating
officer, and George Stelljes III, our president and chief investment officer, all of whom are
subject to an employment agreement with our Advisor. The departure of any of our executive officers
or key employees could have a material adverse effect on our ability to implement our business
strategy and to achieve our investment objectives.
Our success depends on the performance of our Adviser and if our Adviser makes inadvisable
investment or management decisions, our operations could be materially adversely impacted.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay distributions to our stockholders
is dependent upon the performance of our Adviser in evaluating potential investments, selecting and
negotiating property purchases and dispositions and mortgage loans, selecting tenants and
borrowers, setting lease or mortgage loan terms and determining financing arrangements.
Accomplishing these objectives on a cost-effective basis is largely a function of our Advisers
marketing capabilities, management of the investment process, ability to provide competent, attentive and efficient services and our
access to financing sources on acceptable terms. Our stockholders have no opportunity to evaluate
the terms of transactions or other economic or financial data concerning our investments and must
rely entirely on the analytical and management abilities of our Adviser and the oversight of our
board of directors. If our Adviser or our board of directors makes inadvisable investment or
management decisions, our operations could be materially adversely impacted. As we grow, our
Adviser may be required to hire, train, supervise and manage new employees. Our Advisers failure
to effectively manage our future growth could have a material adverse effect on our business,
financial condition and results of operations.
5
We may have conflicts of interest with our Adviser and other affiliates.
Our Adviser manages our business and locates, evaluates, recommends and negotiates the
acquisition of our real estate investments. At the same time, our advisory agreement permits our
Adviser to conduct other commercial activities and provide management and advisory services to
other entities, including Gladstone Capital Corporation, Gladstone Investment Corporation and
Gladstone Land Corporation, an entity affiliated with our chairman David Gladstone. Moreover, all
of our officers and directors are also officers and directors of Gladstone Capital Corporation and
Gladstone Investment Corporation, which actively make loans to and invest in small and medium-sized
companies. As a result, we may from time to time have conflicts of interest with our Adviser in its
management of our business and with Gladstone Capital and Gladstone Investment, which may arise
primarily from the involvement of our Adviser, Gladstone Capital, Gladstone Investment, Gladstone
Land and their affiliates in other activities that may conflict with our business.
Examples of these potential conflicts include:
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our Adviser may realize substantial compensation on account of its activities on our behalf; |
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we may experience competition with our affiliates for financing transactions; |
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our Adviser may earn fee income from our borrowers or tenants; and |
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our Adviser and other affiliates such as Gladstone Capital, Gladstone
Investment and Gladstone Land could compete for the time and services
of our officers and directors. |
These and other conflicts of interest between us and our Adviser and other affiliates could
have a material adverse effect on the operation of our business and the selection or management of
our real estate investments.
Our Adviser is not obligated to provide a waiver of the incentive fee, which could negatively
impact our earnings and our ability to maintain our current level of, or increase, distributions to
our stockholders.
On January 1, 2007, the Amended Advisory Agreement became effective. In addition to providing
for a base management fee based on our stockholders equity, this agreement contemplates a quarterly
incentive fee based on our funds from operations. Our Adviser has the ability to issue a full or
partial waiver of the incentive fee for current and future periods, however our Adviser is not
required to issue this waiver. If our Adviser does not issue this waiver in future quarters, it
could negatively impact our earnings and may compromise our ability to maintain our current level
of, or increase, distributions to our stockholders, which could have a material adverse impact on
our stock price.
We may be obligated to pay our Adviser incentive compensation even if we incur a loss.
On January 1, 2007, the Amended Advisory Agreement became effective and entitled our Adviser
to incentive compensation based on our FFO, which rewards the Adviser if our quarterly FFO (before
giving effect to any incentive fee) exceeds 1.75% (7% annualized) of our total stockholders equity
(less the recorded value of any preferred stock). Our pre-incentive fee FFO for incentive
compensation purposes excludes the effect of any unrealized gains, losses or other items that do
not affect realized net income that we may incur in the fiscal quarter, even if such losses result
in a net loss on our statement of operations for that quarter. Thus, we may be required to pay our
Adviser incentive compensation for a fiscal quarter even if we incur a net loss for that quarter.
Financing Risks
Our business strategy relies heavily on external financing, which may expose us to risks associated
with leverage such as restrictions on additional borrowing and payment of distributions, risks
associated with balloon payments, and risk of loss of our equity upon foreclosure.
Our current business strategy involves the use of leverage so that we may make more
investments than would otherwise be possible in order to maximize potential returns to
stockholders. If the income generated by our properties and other assets fails to
cover our debt service, we could be forced to reduce or eliminate distributions to our stockholders
and may experience losses. We may borrow on a secured or unsecured basis.
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Our ability to achieve our investment objectives will be affected by our ability to borrow
money in sufficient amounts and on favorable terms. We expect that we will borrow money that will
be secured by our properties and that these financing arrangements will contain customary covenants
such as those that limit our ability, without the prior consent of the lender, to further mortgage
the applicable property or to discontinue insurance coverage. In addition, our short-term line of
credit contains, and any other credit facility we might enter into is likely to contain certain
customary restrictions, requirements and other limitations on our ability to incur indebtedness,
and will specify debt ratios that we will be required to maintain. Accordingly, we may be unable to
obtain the degree of leverage we believe to be optimal, which may cause us to have less cash for
distribution to stockholders than we would have with an optimal amount of leverage. Our use of
leverage could also make us more vulnerable to a downturn in our business or the economy generally.
There is also a risk that a significant increase in the ratio of our indebtedness to the measures
of asset value used by financial analysts may have an adverse effect on the market price of our
common stock.
Some of our debt financing arrangements may require us to make lump-sum or balloon payments
at maturity. Our ability to make a balloon payment at maturity is uncertain and may depend upon our
ability to obtain additional financing or to sell the financed property. At the time the balloon
payment is due, we may not be able to refinance the balloon payment on terms as favorable as the
original loan or sell the property at a price sufficient to make the balloon payment, which could
adversely affect the amount of distributions to our stockholders.
We intend to acquire additional properties by using our $95 million short-term line of credit
and by continuing to seek long-term financing, where we will borrow all or a portion of the
purchase price of a potential acquisition and securing the loan with a mortgage on some or all of
our existing real property. To date we have obtained approximately $202 million in long-term
financing, which we have used to acquire additional properties. If we are unable to make our debt
payments as required, a lender could foreclose on the property securing its loan. This could cause
us to lose part or all of our investment in such property which in turn could cause the value of
our securities or the amount of distributions to our stockholders to be reduced.
Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our results of
operations.
We may experience interest rate volatility in connection with mortgage loans on our properties
or other variable-rate debt that we may obtain from time to time. We currently have one variable
rate loan, certain of our leases contain escalations based on market interest rates, and the
interest rate on our existing line of credit is variable. We mitigate this risk by structuring such
provisions to contain a minimum interest rate or escalation rate, as applicable. We are also
exposed to the effects of interest rate changes as a result of the holding of our cash and cash
equivalents in short-term, interest-bearing investments. A significant change in interest rates
could have an adverse impact on the results of our operations. To date we have not entered into any
derivative contracts, however certain of our mortgage loans and properties have embedded
derivatives in the form of interest rate floors and ceilings. These embedded derivatives do not
require separate accounting under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, Accounting
for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.
Risks of being a REIT
We may not qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, which would subject us to federal
income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, thereby reducing the amount of funds
available for paying distributions to our stockholders.
We have historically operated and intend to continue to operate in a manner that will allow us
to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Our qualification as a REIT depends on our
ability to meet various requirements set forth in the Internal Revenue Code concerning, among other
things, the ownership of our outstanding common stock, the nature of our assets, the sources of our
income and the amount of our distributions to our stockholders. The REIT qualification requirements
are extremely complex, and interpretations of the federal income tax laws governing qualification
as a REIT are limited. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that we will be successful in operating so
as to qualify as a REIT. At any time new laws, interpretations or court decisions may change the
federal tax laws relating to, or the federal income tax consequences of, qualification as a REIT.
It is also possible that future economic, market, legal, tax or other considerations may cause our
board of directors to revoke our REIT election, which it may do without stockholder approval.
If we lose or revoke our REIT status, we will face serious tax consequences that will
substantially reduce the funds available for distribution to you because:
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we would not be allowed a deduction for distributions to stockholders in computing our taxable income, we would
be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates and we might need to borrow money or sell assets in
order to pay any such tax; |
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we also could be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax and possibly increased state and local taxes; and
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unless we are entitled to relief under statutory provisions, we would be prevented from re-qualifying to be
taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify. |
In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, distributions to stockholders would be taxable to the
extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, and, then, to the extent that the
amount by which the balance of such distribution exceeds the stockholders adjusted basis in such
stockholders stock of the REIT. If we were taxed as a regular corporation, corporate distributees
might be eligible for the dividends received deduction, but we would not be required to make
distributions to stockholders.
We have not sought a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service that we qualify as a REIT, nor do we
intend to do so in the future.
An IRS determination that we do not qualify as a REIT would deprive our stockholders of the
tax benefits of our REIT status only if the IRS determination is upheld in court or otherwise
becomes final. To the extent that we challenge an IRS determination that we do not qualify as a
REIT, we may incur legal expenses that would reduce our funds available for distribution to our
stockholders. As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to
expand our business and raise capital, and would adversely affect the value of our common stock.
Failure to make required distributions or to satisfy certain income requirements would subject us
to tax.
In order to qualify as a REIT, each year we must distribute to our stockholders at least 90%
of our taxable income, other than any net capital gains. To the extent that we satisfy the
distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to
federal corporate income tax on our undistributed income. In addition, we will incur a 4%
nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which our distributions in any year are less
than the sum of:
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85% of our ordinary income for that year; |
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95% of our capital gain net income for that year; and |
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100% of our undistributed taxable income from prior years. |
In addition, each year at least 95% of our gross income must be derived from passive sources
in real estate and securities, and at least 75% of our gross income must be derived from real
estate sources. If we fail to satisfy either of these gross income tests, but nonetheless continue
to qualify as a REIT because we meet certain other requirements, we will incur a tax of up to 100%
on the greater of the excess of 95% of our gross income over the amount of our qualifying income,
or the excess of 75% of our gross income over the amount of our qualifying income.
We intend to pay out our income to our stockholders in a manner intended to satisfy the
distribution requirement applicable to REITs and to satisfy the foregoing gross income tests and,
thus, avoid corporate income taxes and the 4% excise tax. Differences in timing between the
recognition of income and the related cash receipts or the effect of required debt amortization
payments could require us to borrow money or sell assets to pay out enough of our taxable income to
satisfy the distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a
particular year. In the future, we may borrow funds to pay distributions to our stockholders and
the limited partners of our Operating Partnership. Any funds that we borrow would subject us to
interest rate and other market risks.
Because we must distribute a substantial portion of our net income to qualify as a REIT, we will be
largely dependent on third-party sources of capital to fund our future capital needs.
To qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our
taxable income each year, excluding capital gains. Because of this distribution requirement, it is
not likely that we will be able to fund a significant portion of our future capital needs,
including property acquisitions, from retained earnings. Therefore, we will likely rely on public
and private debt and equity capital to fund our business. This capital may not be available on
favorable terms or at all. Our access to additional capital depends on a number of things,
including the markets perception of our growth potential and our current and potential future
earnings. Moreover, additional debt financings may substantially increase our leverage.
Other Risks
We are subject to restrictions that may discourage a change of control. Certain provisions
contained in our articles of incorporation and Maryland law may prohibit or restrict a change of
control.
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Our articles of incorporation prohibit ownership of more than 9.8% of the outstanding
shares of our capital stock by one person. This restriction may discourage a change of
control and may deter individuals or entities from making tender offers for our capital
stock, which offers might otherwise be financially attractive to our stockholders or
which might cause a change in our management. |
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Our board of directors are divided into three classes, with the term of the directors
in each class expiring every third year. At each annual meeting of stockholders, the
successors to the class of directors whose term expires at such meeting will be elected
to hold office for a term expiring at the annual meeting of stockholders held in the
third year following the year of their election. After election, a director may only be
removed by our stockholders for cause. Election of directors for staggered terms with
limited rights to remove directors makes it more difficult for a hostile bidder to
acquire control of us. The existence of this provision may negatively impact the price
of our securities and may discourage third-party bids to acquire our securities. This
provision may reduce any premiums paid to stockholders in a change in control
transaction. |
Certain provisions of
Maryland law applicable to us prohibit business combinations with:
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any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of
our common stock, referred to as an interested stockholder; |
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an affiliate of ours who, at any time within the two-year period prior
to the date in question, was an interested stockholder; or |
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an affiliate of an interested stockholder. |
These prohibitions last for five years after the most recent date on which the interested
stockholder became an interested stockholder. Thereafter, any business combination with the
interested stockholder must be recommended by our board of directors and approved by the
affirmative vote of at least 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of our outstanding
shares of common stock and two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of our common
stock other than shares held by the interested stockholder. These requirements could have the
effect of inhibiting a change in control even if a change in control were in our stockholders
interest. These provisions of Maryland law do not apply, however, to business combinations that are
approved or exempted by our board of directors prior to the time that someone becomes an interested
stockholder.
Market conditions could adversely affect the market price and trading volume of our securities.
The market price of our common and preferred stock may be highly volatile and subject to wide
fluctuations and the trading volume in our common and preferred stock may fluctuate and cause
significant price variations to occur. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common
stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some market conditions that could
negatively affect our share price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our
securities include:
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price and volume fluctuations in the stock market from time to time, which are often
unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies; |
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significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of shares of REITs, real
estate companies or other companies in our sector, which is not necessarily related to
the performance of those companies; |
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price and volume fluctuations in the stock market as a result of terrorist attacks, or
speculation regarding future terrorist attacks, in the United States or abroad; |
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actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or distributions; |
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changes in our funds from operations or earnings estimates or the publication of
research reports about us or the real estate industry generally; |
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actions by institutional stockholders; |
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speculation in the press or investment community; |
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changes in regulatory policies or tax guidelines, particularly with respect to REITs; and |
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Investor confidence in the stock market. |
9
Shares of common stock eligible for future sale may have adverse effects on our share price.
We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of common stock, or the availability of
shares for future sales, on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of
common stock (including shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of units of our
operating partnership that we may issue from time to time), or the perception that these sales
could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock.
An increase in market interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our
securities.
One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our common
stock or preferred stock is our distribution rate as a percentage of our share price, relative to
market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may desire a higher
distribution yield on our securities or seek securities paying higher dividends or interest. The
market price of our securities likely will be based primarily on the earnings that we derive from
rental income with respect to our properties, interest earned on our mortgage loans and our related
distributions to stockholders, and not from the underlying appraised value of the properties
themselves. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions are likely to
affect the market price of our securities, and such effects could be significant. For instance, if
interest rates rise without a corresponding increase in our distribution rate, the market price of
our common stock could decrease because potential investors may require a higher distribution yield
on our common stock as market rates on interest-bearing securities, such as bonds, rise.
Additionally, because both our Series A and Series B Preferred Stock is entitled to receive
dividends at a fixed rate (and any series of preferred stock we may authorize and issue in the
future will also likely receive dividends at a fixed rate), any increase in interest rates is
likely to result in a decrease in the market price of our Series A and Series B Preferred Stock or
any future series of preferred stock.
Legislative or regulatory action could adversely affect investors.
In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made in
the provisions of the federal and state income tax laws applicable to investments in REIT shares.
Additional changes to tax laws are likely to continue to occur in the future, and we cannot assure
you that any such changes will not adversely affect the taxation of our stockholders. Any such
changes could have an adverse effect on an investment in our shares or on the market value or the
resale potential of our properties.
If our Operating Partnership fails to maintain its status as a partnership or other form of
pass-through entity for federal income tax purposes, its income may be subject to taxation.
As we hold all of the ownership interests in our Operating Partnership, it is currently
disregarded for income tax purposes. We intend that it will qualify as a partnership for income tax
purposes upon the admission of additional partners; however, if the IRS were to successfully
challenge the status of our Operating Partnership as a partnership, it would be taxable as a
corporation. In such event, this would reduce the amount of distributions that our Operating
Partnership could make to us. This could also result in our losing REIT status and becoming subject
to a corporate level tax on our own income. This would substantially reduce our cash available to
pay distributions and the return on your investment. In addition, if any of the entities through
which our Operating Partnership owns its properties, in whole or in part, loses its
characterization as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, it would be subject to taxation
as a corporation, thereby reducing distributions to our Operating Partnership. Such a
recharacterization of an underlying property owner could also threaten our ability to maintain REIT
status.
Our potential participation in joint ventures creates additional risk.
We may participate in joint ventures or purchase properties jointly with other unaffiliated
entities. There are additional risks involved in these types of transactions. These risks include
the potential of our joint venture partner becoming bankrupt or our economic or business interests
diverging. These diverging interests could, among other things, expose us to liabilities of the
joint venture in excess of our proportionate share of these liabilities. The partition rights of
each owner in a jointly owned property could reduce the value of each portion of the divided
property.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Some of the statements contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus
constitute forward-looking statements under Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended
(the Securities Act), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the
Exchange Act), including statements made with respect to possible or assumed future results of
our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives. When we
use the words believe, expect, anticipate, estimate or similar expressions, we intend to
identify forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking
statements. Statements regarding the following subjects are forward-looking by their nature:
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our business strategy; |
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pending transactions; |
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our projected operating results; |
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our ability to obtain future financing arrangements; |
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estimates relating to our future distributions; |
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our understanding of our competition; |
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market trends; |
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estimates of our future operating expenses, including payments to our Adviser under the terms of our advisory
agreement; |
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projected capital expenditures; and |
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use of the proceeds of our credit facilities, mortgage notes payable, and other future capital resources, if any. |
These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that
may cause results, levels of activity, growth, performance, tax consequences or achievements to be
materially different from any future results, levels of activity, growth, performance, tax
consequences or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of
our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. Although we
believe that these beliefs, assumptions and expectations are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future
results, levels of activity, performance, growth or achievements. These beliefs, assumptions and
expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known
to us. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations
may vary materially from those expressed in or implied by our forward-looking statements. You
should carefully consider these risks before you make an investment decision with respect to our
common stock, along with the following factors that could cause actual results to vary from our
forward-looking statements:
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the loss of any of our key employees, such as Mr. David Gladstone, our chairman and
chief executive officer, Mr. Terry Lee Brubaker, our vice chairman and chief
operating officer, or Mr. George Stelljes III, our president and chief investment
officer; |
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general volatility of the capital markets and the market price of our common stock; |
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risks associated with negotiation and consummation of pending and future transactions; |
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changes in our business strategy; |
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availability, terms and deployment of capital, including the ability to maintain and
borrow under our existing credit facility, arrange for long-term mortgages on our
properties; secure one or more additional long-term credit facilities, and to raise
equity capital; |
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availability of qualified personnel; |
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changes in our industry, interest rates or the general economy; |
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the degree and nature of our competition; and |
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those factors discussed in the Risk Factors section of this prospectus and those
factors listed under the caption Risk Factors in our Securities and Exchange
Commission filings incorporated herein by reference. |
We are under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this
prospectus to conform such statements to actual results.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
There are incorporated by reference in this prospectus the following documents
previously filed by Gladstone Commercial Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(the SEC).
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Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006, filed February 27, 2007; |
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Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2007, filed May 1, 2007; |
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Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2007, filed July 31, 2007; |
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Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2007, filed October 30, 2007; |
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Current Reports on Form 8-K filed January 3, 2007, July 10, 2007 and November 16, 2007; |
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The description of our common stock contained in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed August
12, 2003 as updated through subsequently filed reports; |
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The description of our 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock contained in our
Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed January 19, 2006, as updated through subsequently filed
reports; and |
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The description of our 7.50% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock contained in our
Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed October 19, 2006, as amended October 23, 2006, as updated
through subsequently filed reports. |
The SEC has assigned file number 0-50363 to reports and other information that Gladstone
Commercial Corporation files with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
All documents subsequently filed by Gladstone Commercial Corporation pursuant to
Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act prior to the termination of the offering of
the offered securities, shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus and to
be a part of this prospectus from the date of filing of such documents. Any statement contained in
this prospectus or in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this
prospectus shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the
extent that a statement contained in this prospectus, or in any subsequently filed document which
is incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus, modifies or
supersedes such statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except
as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.
Gladstone Commercial Corporation will provide without charge to each person, including
any beneficial owner, to whom a copy of this prospectus is delivered, upon the written or oral
request of such person, a copy of any or all of the documents incorporated by reference in this
prospectus, other than exhibits to such documents unless such exhibits are specifically
incorporated by reference into such documents. Requests should be addressed to:
Investor Relations
Gladstone Commercial Corporation
1521 Westbranch Drive, Suite 200
McLean, Virginia 22102
(703) 287-5835
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and, in accordance
therewith, file reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange
Commission. Such reports, proxy statements and other information can be inspected, without charge,
at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580,
Washington, D.C. 20549. Copies of such material can be obtained at prescribed rates from the Public
Reference Room of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain
information on the operation of the Securities and Exchange Commissions public reference room in
Washington, D.C. by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Such materials may also be inspected on the
Securities and Exchange Commissions website at www.sec.gov. Our outstanding shares of common stock
are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol GOOD. You can also obtain information
about Gladstone Commercial Corporation at our website, www.GladstoneCommercial.com. Information
included on, or accessible through our website is not a part of this prospectus.
This prospectus constitutes part of a registration statement on Form S-3 filed by
Gladstone Commercial Corporation with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933. This prospectus
does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement, parts of which are
omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. For
further information, reference is made to the registration statement.
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USE OF PROCEEDS
Unless otherwise described in the applicable prospectus supplement, we intend to use the net
proceeds from the sale of the offered securities to:
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pay down our revolving line of credit, which currently accrues interest at the rate of approximately 6.47% and
matures on December 29, 2009, with an option to extend for an additional year; |
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acquire and develop commercial and industrial real estate for lease to tenants as suitable opportunities arise; |
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make industrial and commercial mortgage loans as suitable opportunities arise; |
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reimburse our Adviser for the expenses and fees it incurs in connection with our business; |
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repay any outstanding indebtedness at the time it is due; and |
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fund general business purposes. |
Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from the sale of the offered securities in
REIT-qualified money market instruments, short-term repurchase agreements or other cash equivalents
that are expected to provide a lower net return than we hope to achieve from our intended real
estate investments. We may also temporarily invest in securities that qualify as real estate
assets under the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, such as mortgage-backed securities.
We may not be able to achieve our targeted investment pace.
RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES AND PREFERRED DIVIDENDS
The following table sets forth the ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred dividends
for the periods indicated below. Earnings consist of income (loss) from continuing operations
before income taxes and fixed charges. Fixed charges consist of interest expense and the portion
of operating lease expense that represents interest.
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Nine Months |
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Period February 14, |
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ended |
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Year ended |
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Year ended |
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Year ended |
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2003 (inception) |
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September 30, |
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December 31, |
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December 31, |
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December 31, |
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through December 31, |
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2007 |
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2006 |
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2005 |
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2004 |
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2003 |
Ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges
and preferred dividends |
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1.4x |
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1.3x |
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2.4x |
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60.8x |
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(1 |
) |
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(1) |
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For the period from our inception to December 31, 2003, our earnings were insufficient to cover fixed charges by $240,871. |
13
DESCRIPTION OF OUR CAPITAL STOCK
General
Our authorized capital stock consists of 20,000,000 shares of capital stock, $0.001 par value
per share, 17,700,000 of which are designated as common stock, 1,150,000 of which are designated as
Series A Preferred Stock and 1,150,000 of which are designated Series B Preferred Stock. Under our
articles of incorporation, our board of directors is authorized to classify and reclassify any
unissued shares of capital stock by setting or changing in any one or more respects, from time to
time before issuance of such stock, the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers,
restrictions, limitations as to dividends, qualifications and terms and conditions of redemption of
such stock. As of September 30, 2007, there were 8,565,264 shares of common stock issued and
outstanding and 2,150,000 shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding. The following summary
description of our capital stock is not necessarily complete and is qualified in its entirety by
reference to our articles of incorporation and bylaws, each of which has been filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as applicable provisions of Maryland law.
Description of Common Stock
Voting Rights of Common Stock
Subject to the provisions of our articles of incorporation regarding restrictions on the
transfer and ownership of our capital stock, each outstanding share of common stock entitles the
holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of
directors, and, except as provided with respect to any other class or series of capital stock
(currently consisting of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock), the holders of the
common stock possess the exclusive voting power. There is no cumulative voting in the election of
directors, which means that the holders of a majority of the outstanding common stock, voting as a
single class, can elect all of the directors then standing for election and the holders of the
remaining shares are not able to elect any directors.
Dividends, Liquidations and Other Rights
All shares of common stock offered by this prospectus will be duly authorized, fully paid and
nonassessable. Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends when declared by our
board of directors out of assets legally available for the payment of dividends. They also are
entitled to share ratably in our assets legally available for distribution to our stockholders in
the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, after payment of or adequate provision for
all of our known debts and liabilities. These rights are subject to the preferential rights of any
other class or series of our shares (currently consisting of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B
Preferred Stock) and to the provisions of our articles of incorporation regarding restrictions on
transfer of our shares.
Holders of our common stock have no preference, conversion, exchange, sinking fund, redemption
or appraisal rights and have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any of our securities. Subject
to the restrictions on transfer of shares contained in our articles of incorporation, all shares of
common stock have equal dividend, liquidation and other rights.
Certificates
We will not issue certificates. Shares will be held in uncertificated form which will
eliminate the physical handling and safekeeping responsibilities inherent in owning transferable
stock certificates and eliminate the need to return a duly executed stock certificate to the
transfer agent to effect a transfer. Transfers can be effected simply by mailing to us a duly
executed transfer form. Upon the issuance of our shares, we will send to each stockholder a written
statement which will include all information that is required to be written upon stock certificates
under Maryland law.
Meetings and Special Voting Requirements
An annual meeting of the stockholders will be held each year for the purpose of electing the
class of directors whose term is up for election and to conduct other business that may be before
the stockholders. Special meetings of stockholders may be called only upon the request of a
majority of our directors, a majority of our independent directors, our chairman, our president or
upon the written request of stockholders entitled to cast at least 20% of all the votes entitled to
be cast at a meeting. In general, the presence in person or by proxy of a majority of the
outstanding shares, exclusive of excess shares (described in Certain Provisions of Maryland Law
and of Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws Restrictions on Ownership of Shares below),
shall constitute a quorum. Generally, the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes entitled to
be voted at a meeting at which a quorum is present is necessary to take stockholder action, except
that a plurality of all votes cast at such a meeting is sufficient to elect a director.
A proposal by our board of directors to amend our articles of incorporation or to dissolve us
requires the approval at a duly held meeting of our stockholders holding at least a majority of the
shares entitled to vote. Stockholders may, by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the shares
entitled to vote on such matter, elect to remove a director for cause. Stockholders do not have the
ability to
vote to replace our Adviser or to select a new adviser.
14
The affirmative vote of a majority of all shares entitled to vote is required to approve any
merger or sale of substantially all of our assets other than in the ordinary course of business.
The term substantially all as used in this context is a term used in the Maryland General
Corporate Law. The Maryland General Corporation Law does not include a definition of substantially
all and Maryland case law suggests that the term be interpreted on a case-by-case basis. The
effect for investors of the Maryland laws lack of definition is that we cannot provide investors
with a definition for substantially all and therefore stockholders will not know whether a sale
of assets will constitute a sale of substantially all of the assets and, therefore, whether they
will have the right to approve any particular sale.
Information Rights
Any stockholder may, during normal business hours and for any lawful and proper purpose,
inspect and copy our bylaws, minutes of the proceedings of our stockholders, our annual financial
statements and any voting trust agreement that is on file at our principal office. In addition, one
or more stockholders who together are, and for at least six months have been, record or beneficial
holders of 5% of our common stock are entitled to inspect a copy of our stockholder list upon
written request. The list will include the name and address of, and the number of shares owned by,
each stockholder and will be available at our principal office within 20 days of the stockholders
request.
The rights of stockholders described above are in addition to, and do not adversely affect
rights provided to investors under, Rule 14a-7 promulgated under the Exchange Act, which provides
that, upon request of investors and the payment of the expenses of the distribution, we are
required to distribute specific materials to stockholders in the context of the solicitation of
proxies for voting on matters presented to stockholders, or, at our option, provide requesting
stockholders with a copy of the list of stockholders so that the requesting stockholders may make
the distribution themselves.
Distributions
Distributions will be paid to investors who are stockholders as of the record date selected by
our board of directors. Distributions will be paid on a quarterly basis regardless of the frequency
with which such distributions are declared. We are required to make distributions sufficient to
satisfy the REIT requirements. Generally, income distributed as distributions will not be taxable
to us under federal income tax laws unless we fail to comply with the REIT requirements.
Distributions will be paid at the discretion of our board of directors based on our earnings,
cash flow and general financial condition. The directors discretion will be governed, in
substantial part, by their obligation to cause us to comply with the REIT requirements. Because we
may receive income from interest or rents at various times during our fiscal year, distributions
may not reflect our income earned in that particular distribution period but may be made in
anticipation of cash flow which we expect to receive during a later period of the year and may be
made in advance of actual receipt in an attempt to make distributions relatively uniform. We may
borrow to make distributions if the borrowing is necessary to maintain our REIT status, or if the
borrowing is part of a liquidation strategy whereby the borrowing is done in anticipation of the
sale of properties and the proceeds will be used to repay the loan.
Repurchases of Excess Shares
We have the authority to redeem excess shares (as defined in our articles of incorporation)
immediately upon becoming aware of the existence of excess shares or after giving the holder of the
excess shares 30 days to transfer the excess shares to a person whose ownership of such shares
would not exceed the ownership limit and, therefore such shares would no longer be considered
excess shares. The price paid upon redemption by us shall be the lesser of the price paid for such
excess shares by the stockholder holding the excess shares or the fair market value of the excess
shares. We may purchase excess shares or otherwise repurchase shares if the repurchase does not
impair our capital or operations. For additional information regarding excess shares, see Certain
Provisions of Maryland Law and of our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws Restrictions on
Ownership of Shares.
Other Matters
The
transfer and dividend paying agent and registrar for our common stock is The Bank of New York. The principal
business address of The Bank of New York is 101 Barclay Street, Suite
11E, New York, New York
10286, telephone number (800) 274-2944. The Bank of New York also
maintains an internet web site at http://stock.bankofny.com.
15
Description of Preferred Stock
General
Subject to limitations prescribed by Maryland law and our articles of incorporation, our board
of directors is authorized to issue, from the authorized but unissued shares of stock, shares of
preferred stock in series and to establish from time to time the number of shares of preferred
stock to be included in the series and to fix the designation and any preferences, conversion and
other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions,
qualifications and terms and conditions of redemption of the shares of each series, and any other
subjects or matters as may be fixed by resolution of our board of directors or one of its duly
authorized committees.
Existing Series of Preferred Stock
As of the date of this prospectus, our board of directors has designated:
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1,150,000 shares of 7.75% Series A Cumulative Preferred Stock, 1,000,000 of which are outstanding; and |
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1,150,000 shares of 7.75% Series B Cumulative Preferred Stock, all of which are outstanding. |
The description of our Series A Preferred Stock is contained in our prospectus supplement
dated January 18, 2006, which was filed January 19, 2006 with the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
The description of our Series B Preferred Stock is contained in our prospectus supplement
dated October 18, 2006, which was filed October 19, 2006 with the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
Future Series of Preferred Stock
The following description of the terms of our preferred stock sets forth general terms and
provisions of our preferred stock to which a prospectus supplement may relate. Specific terms of
any series of preferred stock offered by a prospectus supplement will be described in that
prospectus supplement. The description set forth below is subject to and qualified in its entirety
by reference to the articles supplementary to our charter fixing the preferences, limitations and
relative rights of a particular series of preferred stock.
If we offer preferred stock pursuant to this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement
will describe the specific terms of the series of shares of preferred stock being offered,
including:
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the title and stated value of the series of shares of preferred stock and the number of shares constituting that series; |
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the number of shares of the series of shares of preferred
stock offered, the liquidation preference per share and the
offering price of the shares of preferred stock; |
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the dividend rate(s), period(s)and/or payment date(s)or the method(s)of calculation for those values relating to the
shares of preferred stock of the series; |
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the date from which dividends on shares of preferred stock of the series shall cumulate, if applicable; |
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the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any, for shares of preferred stock of the series; |
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the provision for a sinking fund, if any, for shares of preferred stock of the series; |
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the provision for redemption or repurchase, if applicable, of shares of preferred stock of the series, and any
restriction on our ability to exercise those redemption and repurchase rights; |
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any listing of the series of shares of preferred stock on any securities exchange or market; |
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the terms and conditions, if applicable, upon which shares of preferred stock of the series will be convertible into
shares of preferred stock of another series or common stock, including the conversion price, or manner of calculating
the conversion price, and the conversion period; |
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whether the preferred stock will be exchangeable into debt securities, and, if applicable, the exchange price, or how
it will be calculated, and the exchange period; |
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voting rights, if any, of the shares of preferred stock of the series; |
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preemption rights, if any; |
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whether interests in shares of preferred stock of the series will be represented by global securities; |
16
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a discussion of U.S. Federal income tax considerations applicable to shares of preferred stock of the series; |
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the relative ranking and preferences of shares of preferred stock of the series as to dividend rights and rights upon
liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs; |
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any limitations on issuance of any series of shares of preferred stock ranking senior to or on a parity with the series
of shares of preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our
affairs; and |
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any limitations on direct or beneficial ownership and restrictions on transfer of shares of preferred stock of the
series, in each case as may be appropriate to preserve our status as a REIT under the Code; |
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the registrar and transfer agent for the shares of preferred stock; and |
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any other specific terms, preferences, rights, limitations or restrictions of the series of shares of preferred stock. |
If we issue shares of preferred stock under this prospectus, the shares will be fully paid and
non-assessable and will not have, or be subject to, any preemptive or similar rights.
The issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power, conversion or other
rights of holders of common stock. Preferred stock could be issued quickly with terms designed to
delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult.
Additionally, the issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of decreasing the market price of
our common stock.
CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND
OF OUR ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION AND BYLAWS
The following description of certain provisions of Maryland law and of our articles of
incorporation and bylaws is only a summary. For a complete description, we refer you to the
Maryland General Corporation Law, our articles of incorporation and our bylaws. We have filed our
articles of incorporation and bylaws as exhibits to the registration statement of which this
prospectus is a part.
Classification of our Board of Directors
Pursuant to our bylaws our board of directors is comprised of ten members and is divided into
three classes of directors. Directors of each class are elected for a three-year term, and each
year one class of directors will be elected by the stockholders. The current terms of the Class II,
Class III and Class I directors will expire in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively, and when their
respective successors are duly elected and qualify. Any director elected to fill a vacancy shall
serve for the remainder of the full term of the class in which the vacancy occurred and until a
successor is elected and qualifies. We believe that classification of our board of directors helps
to assure the continuity and stability of our business strategies and policies as determined by our
directors. Holders of shares of our capital stock have no right to cumulative voting in the
election of directors. Consequently, at each annual meeting of stockholders, the holders of a
majority of the capital stock are able to elect all of the successors of the class of directors
whose terms expire at that meeting.
Our classified board could have the effect of making the replacement of incumbent directors
more time consuming and difficult. At least two annual meetings of stockholders, instead of one,
will generally be required to effect a change in a majority of our board of directors. Thus, our
classified board could increase the likelihood that incumbent directors will retain their
positions. The staggered terms of directors may delay, defer or prevent a tender offer or an
attempt to change control of us or another transaction that might involve a premium price for our
common stock that might be in the best interest of our stockholders.
Removal of Directors
Any director may be removed only for cause by the stockholders upon the affirmative vote of at
least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast at a meeting called for the purpose of the
proposed removal. The notice of the meeting shall indicate that the purpose, or one of the
purposes, of the meeting is to determine if the director shall be removed.
Restrictions on Ownership of Shares
In order for us to qualify as a REIT, not more than 50% of our outstanding shares may be owned
by any five or fewer individuals (including some tax-exempt entities) during the last half of each
taxable year, and the outstanding shares must be owned by 100 or more persons independent of us and
each other during at least 335 days of a 12-month taxable year or during a proportionate part of a
shorter taxable year for which an election to be treated as a REIT is made. We may prohibit certain
acquisitions and transfers
of shares so as to facilitate our continued qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue
Code. However, this prohibition may not be effective.
17
Our articles of incorporation, in order to assist our board of directors in preserving our
status as a REIT, contain an ownership limit which prohibits any person or group of persons from
acquiring, directly or indirectly, beneficial ownership of more than 9.8% of our outstanding shares
of capital stock. Shares owned by a person or a group of persons in excess of the ownership limit
are deemed excess shares. Shares owned by a person who individually owns of record less than 9.8%
of outstanding shares may nevertheless be excess shares if the person is deemed part of a group for
purposes of this restriction.
Our articles of incorporation stipulate that any purported issuance or transfer of shares
shall be valid only with respect to those shares that do not result in the transferee-stockholder
owning shares in excess of the ownership limit. If the transferee-stockholder acquires excess
shares, the person is considered to have acted as our agent and holds the excess shares on behalf
of the ultimate stockholder.
The ownership limit does not apply to offerors which, in accordance with applicable federal
and state securities laws, make a cash tender offer, where at least 90% of the outstanding shares
of our common stock (not including shares or subsequently issued securities convertible into common
stock which are held by the tender offeror and any affiliates or associates thereof within the
meaning of the Exchange Act) are duly tendered and accepted pursuant to the cash tender offer. The
ownership limit also does not apply to the underwriter in a public offering of our shares. The
ownership limit also does not apply to a person or persons which our directors so exempt from the
ownership limit upon appropriate assurances that our qualification as a REIT is not jeopardized.
Business Combinations
Maryland law prohibits business combinations between us and an interested stockholder or an
affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date on which the
interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a
merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset
transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. Maryland law defines an interested
stockholder as:
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any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our shares; or |
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an affiliate or associate of ours who, at any time within the two-year period
prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the
voting power of our then-outstanding voting shares. |
A person is not an interested stockholder if our board of directors approved in advance the
transaction by which the person otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in
approving a transaction, our board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to
compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by our board
of directors.
After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between us and an interested
stockholder generally must be recommended by our board of directors and approved by the affirmative
vote of at least:
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80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of our then-outstanding shares of capital stock; and |
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two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of our voting shares other than shares held
by (a) the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to
be effected and (b) shares held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder. |
These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if our common stockholders receive a
minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other
consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares. The
statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are
exempted by our board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an
interested stockholder. The business combination statute may discourage others from trying to
acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer.
Merger; Amendment of Articles of Incorporation
Under Maryland law, we will not be able to amend our articles of incorporation or merge with
another entity unless approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders holding at least a majority
of the shares entitled to vote on the matter. As permitted by Maryland law, our articles of
incorporation contain a provision permitting our directors, without any action by our stockholders,
to amend the articles of incorporation to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of
stock or the number of shares of any class of stock that we have authority to issue.
18
Operations
We generally are prohibited from engaging in certain activities, including acquiring or
holding property or engaging in any activity that would cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT.
Term and Termination
Our articles of incorporation provide for us to have a perpetual existence. Pursuant to our
articles of incorporation, and subject to the provisions of any of our classes or series of stock
then outstanding and the approval by a majority of the entire board of directors, our stockholders,
at any meeting thereof, by the affirmative vote of a majority of all of the votes entitled to be
cast on the matter, may approve a plan of liquidation and dissolution.
Advance Notice of Director Nominations and New Business
Our bylaws provide that, with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders, nominations of
persons for election to our board of directors and the proposal of business to be considered by
stockholders at the annual meeting may be made only:
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pursuant to our notice of the meeting; |
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by our board of directors; or |
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by a stockholder who was a stockholder of record both at the time of
the provision of notice and at the time of the meeting who is entitled
to vote at the meeting and has complied with the advance notice
procedures set forth in our bylaws. |
With respect to special meetings of stockholders, only the business specified in our notice of
meeting may be brought before the meeting of stockholders and nominations of persons for election
to our board of directors may be made only:
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pursuant to our notice of the meeting; |
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by our board of directors; or |
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provided that our board of directors has determined that directors
shall be elected at such meeting, by a stockholder who was a
stockholder of record both at the time of the provision of notice and
at the time of the meeting who is entitled to vote at the meeting and
has complied with the advance notice provisions set forth in our
bylaws. |
Power to Issue Additional Shares
We currently do not intend to issue any securities other than the shares described in this
prospectus, although we may do so at any time, including upon the redemption of limited partnership
interests that we may issue in connection with acquisitions of real property. We believe that the
power to issue additional shares of stock and to classify or reclassify unissued shares of common
stock or preferred stock and thereafter to issue the classified or reclassified shares provides us
with increased flexibility in structuring possible future financings and acquisitions and in
meeting other needs which might arise. These actions can be taken without stockholder approval,
unless stockholder approval is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or
automated quotation system on which our securities may be listed or traded. Although we have no
present intention of doing so, we could issue a class or series of shares that could delay, defer
or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for holders of
common stock or otherwise be in their best interest.
Control Share Acquisitions
Maryland law provides that control shares of a corporation acquired in a control share
acquisition have no voting rights unless the corporations stockholders approve such voting rights
by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares owned by the
acquiror, or by officers or directors of the corporation who are also employees are excluded from
shares entitled to vote on the matter. Control shares are voting shares which, if aggregated with
all other shares previously acquired by the acquiring person, or in respect of which the acquiring
person is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a
revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiring person to exercise voting power in electing directors
within one of the following ranges of voting power:
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one-tenth or more but less than one-third of all voting power; |
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one-third or more but less than a majority of all voting power; or |
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a majority or more of all voting power. |
Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result
of having previously obtained stockholder approval. A control share acquisition means the
acquisition of control shares, subject to certain exceptions.
A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition may compel our board of
directors to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days to consider the
voting rights of the shares. The right to compel the calling of a special meeting is subject to the
satisfaction of certain conditions, including providing a statement to us detailing, among other
things, the acquiring persons identity and stock ownership and an undertaking to pay the expenses
of the meeting. If no request for a meeting is made, we may present the question at any
stockholders meeting.
If voting rights are not approved at the stockholders meeting or if the acquiring person does
not deliver the statement required by Maryland law, then, subject to certain conditions and
limitations, we may redeem any or all of the control shares, except those for which voting rights
have previously been approved, at the fair market value of such shares. The control share
acquisition statute does not apply to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange
if we are a party to the transaction, nor does it apply to acquisitions approved or exempted by our
articles of incorporation or bylaws.
Possible Anti-Takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Articles of
Incorporation and Bylaws
The business combination provisions and the control share acquisition provisions of Maryland
law, the provisions of our bylaws regarding the classification of our board of directors and the
restrictions on the transfer of stock and the advance notice provisions of our bylaws could have
the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change in the control that might
involve a premium price for holders of common stock or otherwise be in their best interest.
CERTAIN UNITED STATES FEDERAL TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following discussion summarizes our taxation and the material U.S. Federal income tax
consequences to stockholders of their ownership of our stock. The tax treatment of stockholders
will vary depending upon the stockholders particular situation, and this discussion addresses only
stockholders that hold our stock as a capital asset and does not deal with all aspects of taxation
that may be relevant to particular stockholders in light of their personal investment or tax
circumstances. This section also does not deal with all aspects of taxation that may be relevant to
certain types of stockholders to which special provisions of the U.S. Federal income tax laws
apply, including:
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dealers in securities or currencies; |
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traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities holdings; |
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banks; |
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tax-exempt organizations; |
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certain insurance companies; |
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persons liable for the alternative minimum tax; |
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persons that hold our stock as a hedge against interest rate or currency risks or as part of a straddle or
conversion transaction; and |
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stockholders whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. |
This summary is based on the Code, its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations
under the Code, published rulings and court decisions. This summary describes the provisions of
these sources of law only as they are currently in effect. All of these sources of law may change
at any time, and any change in the law may apply retroactively.
We urge you to consult with your own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences to you of
acquiring, owning and selling our stock including the U.S. Federal, state, local and foreign tax
consequences of acquiring, owning and selling our stock in your particular circumstances and
potential changes in applicable laws.
20
Taxation of the Company as a REIT
In the opinion of Cooley Godward Kronish LLP, commencing with our taxable year ending
December 31, 2003, we have been organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification and
taxation as a REIT under the Code, and our proposed method of operation will enable us to continue
to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code. You should be
aware, however, that opinions of counsel are not binding upon the IRS or any court.
In providing its opinion, Cooley Godward Kronish LLP is relying as to certain factual
matters upon the statements and representations contained in certificates provided to Cooley
Godward Kronish LLP by us. Commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2003, we have been
organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the
Code, and our proposed method of operation will enable us to continue to meet the requirements for
qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code.
Our qualification as a REIT will depend upon our continuing satisfaction of the
requirements of the Code relating to qualification for REIT status. Some of these requirements
depend upon actual operating results, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership, asset
composition, source of income and record keeping. Accordingly, while we intend to continue to
qualify to be taxed as a REIT, the actual results of our operations for any particular year might
not satisfy these requirements.
The sections of the Code applicable to REITs are highly technical and complex. The
following discussion summarizes the material aspects of relevant sections of the Code.
As a REIT, we generally will not have to pay U.S. Federal corporate income taxes on net income
that we currently distribute to our stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the
double taxation at the corporate and stockholder levels that generally results from investment in
a regular corporation. Our dividends, however, will generally not be eligible for (i) the reduced
tax rates applicable to dividends received by individuals or (ii) the corporate dividends received
deduction. In addition, our domestic taxable REIT subsidiary will be subject to U.S. Federal, state
and local corporate income tax.
Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to U.S. Federal income tax as
follows:
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First, we will have to pay tax at
regular corporate rates on any
undistributed real estate investment
trust taxable income, including
undistributed net capital gains. |
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Second, under certain circumstances,
we may have to pay the alternative
minimum tax on items of tax
preference, if any. |
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Third, if we have (a) net income
from the sale or other disposition
of foreclosure property, as
defined in the Code, which is held
primarily for sale to customers in
the ordinary course of business or
(b) other non-qualifying net income
from foreclosure property, we will
have to pay tax at the highest
corporate rate on that income. |
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Fourth, if we have net income from
prohibited transactions, as
defined in the Code, we will have to
pay a 100% tax on that income.
Prohibited transactions are, in
general, certain sales or other
dispositions of property, other than
foreclosure property, held primarily
for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of business. Under
current law, unless a sale of real
property qualifies for a safe
harbor, the question of whether the
sale of a property constitutes the
sale of property held primarily for
sale to customers is generally a
question of the facts and
circumstances regarding a particular
transaction. We and our subsidiaries
intend to hold the interests in our
properties for investment with a
view to long-term appreciation and
to make occasional sales as are
consistent with our investment
objectives. We do not intend to
engage in prohibited transactions.
We cannot assure you, however, that
we will only make sales that satisfy
the requirements of the safe harbors
or that the IRS will not
successfully assert that one or more
of such sales are prohibited
transactions. |
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Fifth, if we should fail to satisfy
the 75% gross income test or the 95%
gross income test, as discussed
below under Income Tests, but we
have nonetheless maintained our
qualification as a REIT because we
have satisfied other requirements
necessary to maintain REIT
qualification, we will have to pay a
100% tax on an amount equal to
(a) the gross income attributable to
the greater of (i) 75% of our gross
income over the amount of gross
income that is qualifying income for
purposes of the 75% test, and
(ii) 95% of our gross income over
the amount of gross income that is
qualifying income for purposes of
the 95% test, multiplied by (b) a
fraction intended to reflect our
profitability. |
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Sixth, if we should fail to
distribute during each calendar year
at least the sum of (1) 85% of our
real estate investment trust
ordinary income for that year,
(2) 95% of our real estate
investment trust capital gain net
income for that year and (3) any
undistributed taxable income from
prior periods, we would have to pay
a non-deductible 4% excise tax on
the excess of that required
distribution over the amounts
actually distributed. |
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Seventh, if we acquire any asset
from a C corporation in certain
transactions in which we must adopt
the basis of the asset or any other
property in the hands of the C
corporation as our basis of the
asset in our hands, and we
subsequently recognize gain on the
disposition of that asset during the
10-year period beginning on the date
on which we acquired that asset,
then we will have to pay tax on the
built-in gain at the highest regular
corporate rate. A C corporation
means generally a corporation that
has to pay full corporate-level tax. |
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Eighth, if we receive non-arms
length income from one of our
taxable REIT subsidiaries (as
defined under Asset Tests), we
will be subject to a 100% tax on the
amount of our non-arms length
income. |
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Ninth, if we should fail to satisfy
the asset test (as discussed below)
but nonetheless maintain our
qualification as a REIT because
certain other requirements have been
met, we may be subject to a tax that
would be the greater of (a) $50,000;
or (b) an amount determined by
multiplying the highest rate of tax
for corporations by the net income
generated by the assets for the
period beginning on the first date
of the failure and ending on the day
we dispose of the assets (or
otherwise satisfy the requirements
for maintaining REIT qualification). |
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Tenth, if we should fail to satisfy
one or more requirements for REIT
qualification, other than the 95%
and 75% gross income tests and other
than the asset test, but nonetheless
maintain our qualification as a REIT
because certain other requirements
have been met, we may be subject to
a $50,000 penalty for each failure. |
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Eleventh, if we should fail to
comply with the record-keeping
requirements in ascertaining the
actual ownership of the outstanding shares of our stock, we may be
subject to a $25,000 or a $50,000
penalty for each failure. |
Requirements for Qualification as a REIT
The Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association that is:
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managed by one or more trustees or directors; |
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the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares, or by transferable
certificates of beneficial interest; |
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that would otherwise be taxable as a domestic corporation, but for Sections 856 through 859 of
the Code; |
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that is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company to which certain provisions
of the Code apply; |
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the beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons; |
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that, during the last half of each taxable year, has no more than 50% in value of its
outstanding stock owned, directly or constructively, by five or fewer individuals, as defined
in the Code to include certain entities; and |
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that meets certain other tests, described below, regarding the nature of its income and assets. |
The Code provides that the conditions described in the first through fourth bullet points
above must be met during the entire taxable year and that the condition described in the fifth
bullet point above must be met during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a
proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months. Under applicable Treasury regulations,
we must maintain certain records and request certain information from our stockholders designed to
disclose the actual ownership of our stock. The Code waives the requirements in the fifth and
sixth bullet points for the first taxable year for which an election is made to be
taxed as a REIT.
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We expect that we will satisfy the conditions described in the first through sixth bullet
points of the second preceding paragraph. In addition, our articles of incorporation provide for
restrictions regarding the ownership and transfer of our stock. These restrictions are intended to
assist us in continuing to satisfy the share ownership requirements described in the fifth and
sixth bullet points of the second preceding paragraph. The ownership and transfer restrictions
pertaining to our stock are described in this prospectus under the heading Certain Provisions of
Maryland Law and of our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws Restrictions on Ownership of Shares. Our board of directors will require an IRS ruling or an opinion of counsel before
granting any request for an exemption from such ownership limitations in circumstances where it is
unable to satisfy itself that the ownership limitations would not be violated.
We own interests in two corporate subsidiaries. Code Section 856(i) provides that unless a
REIT makes an election to treat the corporation as a taxable REIT subsidiary (as defined below), a
wholly owned corporate subsidiary of a REIT which is a qualified REIT subsidiary, as defined in
the Code, will not be treated as a separate corporation, and all assets, liabilities and items of
income, deduction and credit of a qualified REIT subsidiary will be treated as assets, liabilities
and items of these kinds of the REIT. Thus, in applying the requirements described in this section,
our qualified REIT subsidiaries, if any, will be ignored, and all assets, liabilities and items of
income, deduction and credit of these subsidiaries will be treated as assets, liabilities and items
of these kinds of ours.
Taxable REIT Subsidiaries
A taxable REIT subsidiary, or TRS, is any corporation in which a REIT directly or indirectly
owns stock, provided that the REIT and that corporation make a joint election to treat that
corporation as a TRS. The election can be revoked at any time as long as the REIT and the TRS
revoke such election jointly. In addition, if a TRS holds directly or indirectly, more than 35% of
the securities of any other corporation (by vote or by value), then that other corporation is also
treated as a TRS. A corporation can be a TRS with respect to more than one REIT.
A TRS is subject to U.S. Federal income tax at regular corporate rates (currently at the top
marginal rate of 35%), and may also be subject to state and local taxation.
Any dividends paid or deemed paid by any one of our TRSs will also be subject to tax, either
(i) to us if we do not pay the dividends received to our stockholders as dividends, or (ii) to our
stockholders if we do pay out the dividends received to our stockholders. We may hold more than 10%
of the stock of a TRS without jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT notwithstanding the rule
described below under Asset Tests that generally precludes ownership of more than 10% of any
issuers securities. However, as noted below, in order for us to qualify as a REIT, the securities
of all of the TRSs in which we have invested either directly or indirectly may not represent more
than 20% of the total value of our assets. Although we expect that the aggregate value of all of
our interests in TRSs will represent less than 20% of the total value of our assets, we cannot
assure that this will always be true. Other than certain activities related to operating or
managing a lodging or health care facility as more fully described below in the section entitled
Income Tests, a TRS may generally engage in any business including the provision of customary
or non-customary services to tenants of the parent REIT.
Income Tests
In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we annually must satisfy two gross income
requirements:
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First, we must derive at least 75% of our gross income, excluding
gross income from prohibited transactions, for each taxable year
directly or indirectly from investments relating to real property or
mortgages on real property, including rents from real property, as
defined in the Code, or from certain types of temporary investments.
Rents from real property generally include our expenses that are paid
or reimbursed by tenants. |
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Second, at least 95% of our gross income, excluding gross income from
prohibited transactions, for each taxable year must be derived from
real property investments as described in the preceding bullet point,
dividends (including dividends from a TRS), interest and gain from the
sale or disposition of stock or securities that do not constitute
dealer property, or from any combination of these types of sources. |
For taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2005, the American Jobs Creation Act of
2004, effective as of October 22, 2004, or the 2004 Act, clarifies the types of transactions that
are hedging transactions for purposes of the 95% gross income test and states that any income from
a hedging transaction that is clearly and timely identified and hedges indebtedness incurred or to be incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets will not constitute gross income, rather than being
treated as qualifying or nonqualifying income, for purposes of the 95% gross income test.
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Rents that we receive or are deemed to have received will qualify as rents from real property
in satisfying the gross income requirements for a REIT described above only if the rents satisfy
several conditions:
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First, the amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the
income or profits of any person. However, an amount received or
accrued generally will not be excluded from rents from real property
solely because it is based on a fixed percentage or percentages of
receipts or sales. |
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Second, the Code provides that rents received from a tenant will not
qualify as rents from real property in satisfying the gross income
tests if the REIT, or a direct or indirect owner of 10% or more of the
REIT, directly or under the applicable attribution rules, owns a 10%
or greater interest in that tenant; except that rents received from a
TRS under certain circumstances qualify as rents from real property
even if we own more than a 10% interest in the subsidiary. We refer to
a tenant in which we own a 10% or greater interest as a related party
tenant. |
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Third, if rent attributable to personal property leased in connection
with a lease of real property is greater than 15% of the total rent
received under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to the
personal property will not qualify as rents from real property. |
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Finally, for rents received to qualify as rents from real property,
the REIT generally must not operate or manage the property or furnish
or render services to the tenants of the property, other than through
an independent contractor from whom the REIT derives no revenue and
who is adequately compensated or through a TRS. However, we may
directly perform certain services that landlords usually or
customarily render when renting space for occupancy only or that are
not considered rendered to the occupant of the property. |
We do not expect to perform any services for our tenants. If we were to provide services to a
tenant that are other than those landlords usually or customarily provide when renting space for
occupancy only, amounts received or accrued by us for any of these services will not be treated as
rents from real property for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. However, the amounts received
or accrued for these services will not cause other amounts received with respect to the property to
fail to be treated as rents from real property unless the amounts treated as received in respect of
the services, together with amounts received for certain management services, exceed 1% of all
amounts received or accrued by us during the taxable year with respect to the property. For
purposes of the 1% threshold, the amount treated as received for any service may not be less than
150% of the direct cost incurred in furnishing or rendering the service. If the sum of the amounts
received in respect of the services to tenants and management services described in the preceding
sentence exceeds the 1% threshold, then all amounts received or accrued by us with respect to the
property will not qualify as rents from real property, even if we provide the impermissible
services to some, but not all, of the tenants of the property.
For purposes of the gross income tests, the term interest generally does not include any
amount received or accrued, directly or indirectly, if the determination of that amount depends in
whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, an amount received or accrued
generally will not be excluded from the term interest solely because it is based on a fixed
percentage or percentages of receipts or sales.
If we fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% and 95% gross income tests for any taxable year,
we may nevertheless qualify as a REIT for that year if we satisfy the requirements of other
provisions of the Code that allow relief from disqualification as a REIT. These relief provisions,
as modified by the 2004 Act, will generally be available if:
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our failure to meet the income tests was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect; and |
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following our identification of the failure, we file with the IRS a schedule describing each item
of our qualifying gross income for the taxable year of the failure. |
We might not be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions, however. As discussed in
the fifth bullet point under the section Taxation of the Company as a REIT, even if these
relief provisions apply, we would have to pay a tax on the excess income.
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Asset Tests
At the close of each quarter of each taxable year, we must also satisfy three tests relating
to the nature of our assets:
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First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must be
represented by real estate assets, including (a) real estate assets
held by our qualified REIT subsidiaries, our allocable share of real
estate assets held by partnerships in which we own an interest and
stock issued by another REIT, (b) for a period of one year from the
date of our receipt of proceeds of an offering of its shares of
beneficial interest or publicly offered debt with a term of at least
five years, stock or debt instruments purchased with these proceeds
and (c) cash, cash items and government securities. |
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Second, not more than 25% of our total assets may be represented by
securities other than those in the 75% asset class. |
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Third, not more than 20% of our total assets may constitute securities
issued by one or more TRSs and of the investments included in the 25%
asset class, the value of any one issuers securities, other than
securities issued by another REIT or by a TRS may not exceed 5% of the
value (5% test) of our total assets, and we may not own more than
10% of the vote (10% voting test) or value (10% value test) of any
one issuers outstanding securities, except in the case of a TRS as
described above. If, for example, the IRS would successfully challenge
the partnership status of any of the partnerships in which we maintain
an interest, and the partnership is reclassified as a corporation or a
publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation, we could lose
our REIT status. |
The following assets are not treated as securities held by us for purposes of the 10% value
test (i) straight debt meeting certain requirements, unless we hold (either directly or through
our controlled taxable REIT subsidiaries) certain other securities of the same corporate or
partnership issuer that have an aggregate value greater than 1% of such issuers outstanding
securities; (ii) loans to individuals or estates; (iii) certain rental agreements calling for
deferred rents or increasing rents that are subject to Section 467 of the Code, other than with
certain related persons; (iv) obligations to pay us amounts qualifying as rents from real
property under the 75% and 95% gross income tests; (v) securities issued by a state or any
political subdivision of a state, the District of Columbia, a foreign government, any political
subdivision of a foreign government, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, but only if the
determination of any payment received or accrued under the security does not depend in whole or in
part on the profits of any person not described in this category, or payments on any obligation
issued by such an entity; (vi) securities issued by another qualifying REIT; and (vii) other
arrangements identified in Treasury regulations (which have not yet been issued or proposed). In
addition, any debt instrument issued by a partnership will not be treated as a security under the
10% value test if at least 75% of the partnerships gross income (excluding gross income from
prohibited transactions) is derived from sources meeting the requirements of the 75% gross income
test. If the partnership fails to meet the 75% gross income test, then the debt instrument issued
by the partnership nevertheless will not be treated as a security to the extent of our interest
as a partner in the partnership. Also, in looking through any partnership to determine our
allocable share of any securities owned by the partnership, our share of the assets of the
partnership, solely for purposes of applying the 10% value test in taxable years beginning on or
after January 1, 2005, will correspond not only to our interest as a partner in the partnership but
also to our proportionate interest in certain debt securities issued by the partnership.
If we fail to meet the 5% test, the 10% value test or the 10% voting test described in the
third bullet point of the second preceding paragraph above at the end of any quarter and such
failure is not cured within 30 days thereafter, we would fail to qualify as a REIT. Under the 2004
Act, after the 30 day cure period, we could dispose of sufficient assets to cure such a violation
that does not exceed the lesser of 1% of our assets at the end of the relevant quarter or
$10,000,000 if the disposition occurs within six months after the last day of the calendar quarter
in which we identify the violation. For violations of these tests that are larger than this amount
and for violations of the other asset tests described in the preceding paragraph, where such
violations are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, the 2004 Act permits us to avoid
disqualification as a REIT, after the 30 day cure period, by taking steps including the disposition
of sufficient assets to meet the asset tests (within six months after the last day of the calendar
quarter in which we identify the violation) and paying a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the
highest corporate tax rate multiplied by our net income generated by the non-qualifying assets
during the period beginning on the first date of the failure and ending on the date we dispose of
the asset (or otherwise cure the asset test failure).
Annual Distribution Requirement
We are required to distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends, to our
stockholders in an amount at least equal to (1) the sum of (a) 90% of our real estate investment
trust taxable income, computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction, and our net capital
gain, and (b) 90% of the net after-tax income, if any, from foreclosure property minus (2) the sum
of certain items of non-cash income.
These distributions must be paid in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following
taxable year if declared before we timely file our tax return for the year to which they relate and
if paid on or before the first regular dividend payment after the declaration.
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To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net capital gain or distribute at least
90%, but less than 100% of our real estate investment trust taxable income, as adjusted, we will
have to pay tax on those amounts at regular ordinary and capital gain corporate tax rates, as the
case may be. If we so choose, we may retain, rather than distribute, our net long-term capital
gains and pay the tax on those gains. In this case, our stockholders would include their
proportionate share of the undistributed long-term capital gains in income. However, our
stockholders would then be deemed to have paid their share of the tax, which would be credited or
refunded to them. In addition, our stockholders would be able to increase their basis in our shares
they hold by the amount of the undistributed long-term capital gains, less the amount of capital
gains tax we paid, included in the stockholders long-term capital gains. Furthermore, if we fail
to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of (a) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for
that year, (b) 95% of our REIT capital gain income for that year, and (c) any undistributed taxable
income from prior periods, we would have to pay a 4% excise tax on the excess of the required
distribution over the amounts actually distributed. We intend to satisfy the annual distribution
requirements.
From time to time, we may not have sufficient cash or other liquid assets to meet the 90%
distribution requirement due to timing differences between (a) when we actually receive income and
when we actually pay deductible expenses and (b) when we include the income and deduct the expenses
in arriving at our taxable income. Further, it is possible that, from time to time, we may be
allocated a share of net capital gain attributable to the sale of depreciated property which
exceeds our allocable share of cash attributable to that sale. In these cases, we may have less
cash available for distribution than is necessary to meet our annual 90% distribution requirement.
To meet the 90% distribution requirement, we may find it necessary to arrange for short-term, or
possibly long-term, borrowings or to pay dividends in the form of taxable stock dividends.
Under certain circumstances, we may be able to rectify a failure to meet the distribution
requirement for a year by paying deficiency dividends to stockholders in a later year, which may
be included in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. Thus, we may be able to avoid
being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends; however, we will be required to pay
penalties and interest based upon the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency dividends.
Failure to Qualify as a REIT
If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year, and the relief provisions do
not apply, we will have to pay tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our
taxable income at regular corporate rates. We will not be able to deduct distributions to
stockholders in any year in which we fail to qualify, nor will we be required to make distributions
to stockholders. In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, distributions to stockholders would
be taxable to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, and, then, with
respect to each stockholder, to the extent that the balance of the distribution exceeds the
stockholders adjusted basis in such stockholders stock. Corporate distributees may be eligible
for the dividends received deduction if they satisfy the relevant provisions of the Code. Unless
entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions, we will also be disqualified from taxation
as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost. We
might not be entitled to the statutory relief described in this paragraph in all circumstances.
The 2004 Act provides additional relief in the event that we fail to satisfy one or more
requirements for qualification as a REIT, other than the 75% gross income test and the 95% gross
income test and other than the new rules provided for failures of the asset tests described above
if:
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the violation is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect; and |
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we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each failure to satisfy the provision. |
Taxation of Stockholders
U.S. Stockholders
As used in this section, the term U.S. stockholder means a holder of our stock who, for
U.S. Federal income tax purposes, is:
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a citizen or resident of the United States; |
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a domestic corporation, partnership or other entity created or organized in or under the
laws of the United States or of any political subdivision of the United States; |
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an estate whose income is subject to U.S. Federal income taxation regardless of its source; |
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a trust if a United States court can exercise primary supervision over the trusts
administration and one or more United States persons have authority to control all
substantial decisions of the trust; or |
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a person or entity otherwise subject to U.S. Federal income taxation on a net income basis. |
Distributions. As long as we qualify as a REIT, distributions made by us out of our current or
accumulated earnings and profits, and not designated as capital gain dividends, will constitute
dividends taxable to our taxable U.S. stockholders as ordinary income. Our individual
U.S. stockholders will generally not be entitled to the lower tax rate applicable to certain types
of dividends under law enacted in 2003 except that individual U.S. stockholders may be eligible for
the lower tax rate with respect to the portion of any distribution (a) that represents income from
dividends we received from a corporation in which we own shares (but only if such dividends would
be eligible for the lower rate on dividends if paid by the corporation to its individual
stockholders) or (b) that is equal to our real estate investment trust taxable income (taking into
account the dividends paid deduction available to us) and less any taxes paid by us on these items
during our previous taxable year. Individual U.S. stockholders should consult their own tax
advisors to determine the impact of this legislation. Distributions of this kind will not be
eligible for the dividends received deduction in the case of U.S. stockholders that are
corporations. Distributions made by us that we properly designate as capital gain dividends will be
taxable to U.S. stockholders as gain from the sale of a capital asset held for more than one year,
to the extent that they do not exceed our actual net capital gain for the taxable year, without
regard to the period for which a U.S. stockholder has held his stock. Thus, with certain
limitations, capital gain dividends received by an individual U.S. stockholder may be eligible for
preferential rates of taxation. U.S. stockholders that are corporations may, however, be required
to treat up to 20% of certain capital gain dividends as ordinary income. In addition, net capital
gains attributable to the sale of depreciable real property held for more than twelve months are
subject to a 25% maximum U.S. Federal income tax rate to the extent of previously claimed real
property depreciation.
To the extent that we make distributions, not designated as capital gain dividends, in excess
of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, these distributions will be treated first as a
tax-free return of capital to each U.S. stockholder. Thus, these distributions will reduce the
adjusted basis which the U.S. stockholder has in his stock for tax purposes by the amount of the
distribution, but not below zero. Distributions in excess of a U.S. stockholders adjusted basis in
his stock will be taxable as capital gains, provided that the stock has been held as a capital
asset.
Dividends authorized by us in October, November or December of any year and payable to a
stockholder of record on a specified date in any of these months will be treated as both paid by us
and received by the stockholder on December 31 of that year, provided that we actually pay the
dividend on or before January 31 of the following calendar year. Stockholders may not include in
their own income tax returns any of our net operating losses or capital losses.
U.S. stockholders holding our stock at the close of our taxable year will be required to
include, in computing their long-term capital gains for the taxable year in which the last day of
our taxable year falls, the amount that we designate in a written notice mailed to our
stockholders. We may not designate amounts in excess of our undistributed net capital gain for the
taxable year. Each U.S. stockholder required to include the designated amount in determining the
stockholders long-term capital gains will be deemed to have paid, in the taxable year of the
inclusion, the tax paid by us in respect of the undistributed net capital gains. U.S. stockholders
to whom these rules apply will be allowed a credit or a refund, as the case may be, for the tax
they are deemed to have paid. U.S. stockholders will increase their basis in their stock by the
difference between the amount of the includible gains and the tax deemed paid by the stockholder in
respect of these gains.
Distributions made by us and arising from a U.S. stockholders sale or exchange of our stock
will not be treated as passive activity income. As a result, U.S. stockholders generally will not
be able to apply any passive losses against that income or gain.
Our dividends, to the extent they do not constitute a return of capital, will generally be
treated as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitation under Section 163
of the Code. Net capital gain from the disposition of our stock and capital gains generally will be
eliminated from investment income unless the taxpayer elects to have the gain taxed at ordinary
income rates.
Sales of Stock. When a U.S. stockholder sells or otherwise disposes of our stock, the
stockholder will recognize gain or loss for U.S. Federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to
the difference between (a) the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received on
the sale or other disposition and (b) the holders adjusted basis in the stock for tax purposes.
This gain or loss will be capital gain or loss if the U.S. stockholder has held the stock as a
capital asset. The gain or loss will be long-term gain or loss if the U.S. stockholder has held the
stock for more than one year. Long-term capital gain of an individual U.S. stockholder is generally
taxed at preferential rates. In general, any loss recognized by a U.S. stockholder when the
stockholder sells or otherwise disposes of our stock that the stockholder has held for twelve
months or more, after applying certain holding period rules, will be treated as a long-term capital
loss.
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Redemption of Stock. The treatment to be accorded to any redemption by us of the stock can
only be determined on the basis
of particular facts as to each holder of our stock at the time of redemption. In general, a
preferred holder will recognize capital gain or loss measured by the difference between the amount
realized by the holder upon the redemption and the holders adjusted tax basis in the stock
redeemed, provided the stock is held as a capital asset, if the redemption
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results in a complete termination of the holders shares interest in all classes of our stock under
Section 302(b)(3) of the Code, |
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is substantially disproportionate with respect to the holders interest in us under Section 302(b)(2) of the Code; or |
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is not essentially equivalent to a dividend with respect to the holder of our stock under Section 302(b)(1) of the
Code. |
In determining whether any of these tests have been met, shares considered to be owned by the
holder by reason of certain constructive ownership rules set forth in the Code, as well as shares
actually owned, must generally be taken into account. Because the determination as to whether any
of the alternative tests of Section 302(b) of the Code will be satisfied with respect to any
particular holder of our stock depends upon the facts and circumstances at the time when the
determination must be made, prospective investors are advised to consult their own tax advisors to
determine the tax treatment to them. Any portion of the redemption proceeds attributable to a
declared but unpaid dividend will be treated as a distribution to the stock as described above
under Taxation of Stockholders U.S. Stockholders Distributions.
A substantially disproportionate reduction in the interest of a holder of our stock will
have occurred if, as a result of the redemption,
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the holders ownership of all of our outstanding voting stock is
reduced immediately after the redemption to less than 80% of the
holders percentage interest in the shares immediately before the
redemption; |
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the holders percentage ownership of the interest of our stock after
and before the redemption meets the same 80% requirement; and |
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the holder owns, immediately after the redemption, less than 50% of
the total combined voting power of all classes of shares entitled to
vote. |
Based upon current law, it is possible that a redemption of our stock from a holder of our
stock would be considered not essentially equivalent to a dividend. However, whether a
distribution is not essentially equivalent to a dividend depends on all of the facts and
circumstances. The application of these tests to a redemption of our stock is unclear, and a holder
of our stock should consult its own tax adviser to determine their application to its particular
situation.
If the redemption does not meet any of the tests under Section 302 of the Code, then the
redemption proceeds received from the stock will be treated as a distribution on the stock as
described above under Taxation of Stockholders U.S. Stockholders Distributions. If the
redemption is taxed as a dividend, the holders adjusted tax basis in the stock will be transferred
to any other shareholdings of the holder in us. If, however, the shareholder has no remaining
shareholdings in us, such basis could be transferred to a related person or it may be lost.
Backup Withholding. We will report to our U.S. stockholders and the IRS the amount of
dividends paid during each calendar year, and the amount of tax withheld, if any. Under the backup
withholding rules, backup withholding may apply to a stockholder with respect to dividends paid
unless the holder (a) is a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories and, when
required, demonstrates this fact, or (b) provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to
no loss of exemption from backup withholding, and otherwise complies with applicable requirements
of the backup withholding rules. The IRS may also impose penalties on a U.S. stockholder that does
not provide us with his correct taxpayer identification number. A stockholder may credit any amount
paid as backup withholding against the stockholders income tax liability. In addition, we may be
required to withhold a portion of capital gain distributions to any stockholders who fail to
certify their non-foreign status to us.
Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders. The IRS has ruled that amounts distributed as dividends
by a REIT generally do not constitute unrelated business taxable income when received by a
tax-exempt entity. Based on that ruling, provided that a tax-exempt stockholder (i) is not an
entity described in the next paragraph, (ii) has not held its stock as debt financed property
within the meaning of the Code and (iii) does not hold its stock in a trade or business, the
dividend income received by such stockholder with respect to the stock will not be unrelated
business taxable income to a tax-exempt stockholder. Similarly, income from the sale of our stock
will not constitute unrelated business taxable income unless the tax-exempt stockholder has held
the stock as debt financed
property within the meaning of the Code or has used the stock in an unrelated trade or business.
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Income from an investment in our stock will constitute unrelated business taxable income for
tax-exempt stockholders that are social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations,
supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group legal services plans exempt from
U.S. Federal income taxation under the applicable subsections of Section 501(c) of the Code, unless
the organization is able to properly deduct amounts set aside or placed in reserve for certain
purposes so as to offset the income generated by its stock. Prospective investors of the types
described in the preceding sentence should consult their own tax advisors concerning these set
aside and reserve requirements.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, however, a portion of the dividends paid by a pension-held
REIT will be treated as unrelated business taxable income to any trust which:
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is described in Section 401(a) of the Code; |
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is tax-exempt under Section 501(a) of the Code; and |
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holds more than 10% (by value) of the equity interests in the REIT. |
Tax-exempt pension, profit-sharing and stock bonus funds that are described in Section 401(a)
of the Code are referred to below as qualified trusts. A REIT is a pension-held REIT if:
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it would not have qualified as a REIT but for the fact that
Section 856(h)(3) of the Code provides that stock owned by qualified
trusts will be treated, for purposes of the not closely held
requirement, as owned by the beneficiaries of the trust (rather than
by the trust itself); and |
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either (a) at least one qualified trust holds more than 25% by value
of the interests in the REIT or (b) one or more qualified trusts, each
of which owns more than 10% by value of the interests in the REIT,
hold in the aggregate more than 50% by value of the interests in the
REIT. |
The percentage of any REIT dividend treated as unrelated business taxable income to a
qualifying trust that owns more than 10% of the value of the REITs interests is equal to the ratio
of (a) the gross income of the REIT from unrelated trades or businesses, determined as though the
REIT were a qualified trust, less direct expenses related to this gross income, to (b) the total
gross income of the REIT, less direct expenses related to the total gross income. A de minimis
exception applies where this percentage is less than 5% for any year. We do not expect to be
classified as a pension-held REIT.
The rules described above under the heading Taxation of Stockholders U.S. Stockholders
Distributions concerning the inclusion of our designated undistributed net capital gains in the
income of our stockholders will apply to tax-exempt entities. Thus, tax-exempt entities will be
allowed a credit or refund of the tax deemed paid by these entities in respect of the includible
gains.
Under recently promulgated Treasury regulations, if a stockholder recognizes a loss with
respect to the stock of $2 million or more for an individual stockholder or $10 million or more for
a corporate stockholder, the stockholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on
Form 8886. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal
determination of whether the taxpayers treatment of the loss is proper. Stockholders should
consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their
individual circumstances.
Non-U.S. Stockholders
The rules governing U.S. Federal income taxation of nonresident alien individuals, foreign
corporations, foreign partnerships and estates or trusts that in either case are not subject to
U.S. Federal income tax on a net income basis who own our stock, which we call
non-U.S. stockholders, are complex. The following discussion is only a limited summary of these
rules. Prospective non-U.S. stockholders should consult with their own tax advisors to determine
the impact of U.S. Federal, state and local income tax laws with regard to an investment in the
stock, including any reporting requirements.
Ordinary Dividends. Distributions, other than distributions that are treated as attributable
to gain from sales or exchanges by us of U.S. real property interests, as discussed below, and
other than distributions designated by us as capital gain dividends, will be treated as ordinary
income dividends to the extent that they are made out of our current or accumulated earnings and
profits. A withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount of the distribution will ordinarily
apply to distributions of this kind to non-U.S. stockholders, unless an applicable tax treaty
reduces that tax. However, if income from the investment in the stock is treated as effectively
connected with the non-U.S. stockholders conduct of a U.S. trade or business or is attributable to
a permanent establishment that the non-U.S. stockholder maintains in the United States if that is
required by an applicable income tax treaty as a
condition for subjecting the non-U.S. stockholder to U.S. taxation on a net income basis, tax at
graduated rates will generally apply to the non-U.S. stockholder in the same manner as
U.S. stockholders are taxed with respect to dividends, and the 30% branch profits tax may also
apply if the stockholder is a foreign corporation. U.S. tax will be withheld at the rate of 30% on
the gross amount of any dividends, other than dividends treated as attributable to gain from sales
or exchanges of U.S. real property interests and capital gain dividends, paid to a
non-U.S. stockholder, unless (a) a lower treaty rate applies and the required form evidencing
eligibility for that reduced rate is filed with us or the appropriate withholding agent or (b) the
non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8 ECI or a successor form with us or the appropriate
withholding agent claiming that the distributions are effectively connected with the
non-U.S. stockholders conduct of a U.S. trade or business.
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Distributions to a non-U.S. stockholder that are designated by us at the time of distribution
as capital gain dividends which are not attributable to or treated as attributable to the
disposition by us of a U.S. real property interest generally will not be subject to U.S. Federal
income taxation, except as described below.
Return of Capital. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and
profits, which are not treated as attributable to the gain from our disposition of a U.S. real
property interest, will not be taxable to a non-U.S. stockholder to the extent that they do not
exceed the adjusted basis of the non-U.S. stockholders stock. Distributions of this kind will
instead reduce the adjusted basis of the stock. To the extent that distributions of this kind
exceed the adjusted basis of a non-U.S. stockholders stock, they will give rise to tax liability
if the non-U.S. stockholder otherwise would have to pay tax on any gain from the sale or
disposition of our stock, as described below. If it cannot be determined at the time a distribution
is made whether the distribution will be in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits,
withholding will apply to the distribution at the rate applicable to dividends. However, the
non-U.S. stockholder may seek a refund of these amounts from the IRS if it is subsequently
determined that the distribution was, in fact, in excess of our current accumulated earnings and
profits.
Capital Gain Dividends. For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, distributions that are
attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by us of U.S. real property interests will be taxed to
a non-U.S. stockholder under the provisions of the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of
1980, as amended. Under this statute, these distributions are taxed to a non-U.S. stockholder as if
the gain were effectively connected with a U.S. business. Thus, non-U.S. stockholders will be taxed
on the distributions at the normal capital gain rates applicable to U.S. stockholders, subject to
any applicable alternative minimum tax and special alternative minimum tax in the case of
nonresident alien individuals. Distributions subject to the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax
Act made to non-U.S. stockholders may also be subject to a 30% branch profits tax in the hands of a
foreign corporate stockholder that is not entitled to a treaty exemption. The appropriate
withholding agent will be required by applicable Treasury regulations under this statute to
withhold and remit to the IRS 35% of any distribution that we could designate as a capital gain
dividend. However, if we designate as a capital gain dividend a distribution made before the day we
actually effect the designation, then although the distribution may be taxable to a
non-U.S. stockholder, withholding does not apply to the distribution under this statute. Rather, we
must effect the 35% withholding from distributions made on and after the date of the designation,
until the distributions so withheld equal the amount of the prior distribution designated as a
capital gain dividend. The non-U.S. stockholder may credit the amount withheld against its U.S. tax
liability.
If a class of our stock is regularly traded, as defined by applicable Treasury regulations,
on an established securities market (e.g., the New York Stock Exchange), a distribution with
respect to such class of stock received by a non-U.S. stockholder that does not own more than 5% of
that class of stock during the tax year within which the distribution is received will not be
treated as gain that is effectively connected with a U.S. business. As such, a non-U.S. stockholder
who does not own more than 5% of the relevant class of stock at any time during the applicable
taxable year would not be required to file a U.S. Federal income tax return by reason of receiving
such a distribution. In this case, the distribution would be treated as a REIT dividend to that
non-U.S. stockholder and taxed as a REIT dividend that is not a capital gain distribution as
described above, meaning that it will be subject to a 30% withholding tax (or lesser rate as
reduced by an applicable treaty) under the circumstances described above. In addition, the branch
profits tax would not apply to such distributions. However, there can be no assurance that a
particular class of our stock will at any time be regularly traded on an established securities
market.
Sales of Stock. Gain recognized by a non-U.S. stockholder upon a sale or exchange of our stock
generally will not be taxed under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act if we are a
domestically controlled REIT, defined generally as a REIT, less than 50% in value of whose stock
is and was held directly or indirectly by foreign persons at all times during a specified testing
period. We believe that we will be a domestically controlled REIT, and, therefore, that taxation
under this statute generally will not apply to the sale of our stock. However, gain to which this
statute does not apply will be taxable to a non-U.S. stockholder if investment in the stock is
treated as effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholders U.S. trade or business or is
attributable to a permanent establishment that the non-U.S. stockholder maintains in the United
States if that is required by an applicable income tax treaty as a condition for subjecting the
non-U.S. stockholder to U.S. taxation on a net income basis. In this case, the same treatment will
apply to the non-U.S. stockholder as to U.S. stockholders with respect to the gain. In addition,
gain to which the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act does not apply will be taxable to a
non-U.S. stockholder if the non-U.S. stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present
in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a tax home
in the United States, or maintains an office or a fixed place of business in the United States to
which the gain is attributable. In this case, a 30% tax will apply to the nonresident alien
individuals capital gains. A similar rule will apply to capital gain dividends to which this
statute does not apply.
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If we do not qualify as a domestically controlled REIT, tax under the Foreign Investment in
Real Property Tax Act would apply to a non-U.S. stockholders sale of our stock, unless our stock
is regularly traded on an established securities market at the time of such sale and such
non-U.S. stockholder does not own more than 5% of our stock at any time during a specified period.
This period is generally the shorter of the period that the non-U.S. stockholder owned the stock
sold or the five-year period ending on the date when the stockholder disposed of the stock. If tax
under this statute applies to the gain on the sale of our stock, the same treatment would apply to
the non-U.S. stockholder as to U.S. stockholders with respect to the gain, subject to any
applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident
alien individuals.
In any event, a purchaser of our stock from a non-U.S. stockholder will not be required under
the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act to withhold on the purchase price if the purchased
class of stock is regularly traded on an established securities market and the seller did not own
more than 5% of such class of stock at any time during the taxable year or if we are a domestically
controlled REIT. Otherwise, under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act, the purchaser of
our stock may be required to withhold 10% of the purchase price and remit that amount to the IRS.
Backup Withholding and Information Reporting. If you are a non-U.S. stockholder, you are
generally exempt from backup withholding and information reporting requirements with respect to:
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dividend payments and |
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the payment of the proceeds from the sale of our stock effected at a U.S. office of a broker, |
as long as the income associated with these payments is otherwise exempt from U.S. Federal
income tax, and:
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the payor or broker does not have actual
knowledge or reason to know that you are a
U.S. person and you have furnished to the
payor or broker: |
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a valid IRS Form W-8BEN or an acceptable substitute form upon
which you certify, under penalties of perjury, that you are a
non-U.S. person, or
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other documentation upon which it may rely to treat the
payments as made to a non-U.S. person in accordance with
U.S. Treasury regulations, or
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you otherwise establish an exemption. |
Payment of the proceeds from the sale of our stock effected at a foreign office of a broker
generally will not be subject to information reporting or backup withholding. However, a sale of
our stock that is effected at a foreign office of a broker will be subject to information reporting
and backup withholding if:
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the proceeds are transferred to an account maintained by you in the United States, |
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the payment of proceeds or the confirmation of the sale is mailed to you at a U.S. address, or |
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the sale has some other specified connection with the United States as provided in
U.S. Treasury regulations, unless the broker does not have actual knowledge or reason to know
that you are a U.S. person and the documentation requirements described above are met or you
otherwise establish an exemption. |
In addition, a sale of our stock will be subject to information reporting if it is effected at
a foreign office of a broker that is:
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a U.S. person, |
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a controlled foreign corporation for U.S. tax purposes,
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a foreign person 50% or more of whose gross income is effectively connected with
the conduct of a U.S. trade or business for a specified three-year period, or
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a foreign partnership, if at any time during its tax year: |
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one or more of its partners are U.S. persons, as defined in U.S. Treasury
regulations, who in the aggregate hold more than 50% of the income or capital
interest in the partnership, or |
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such foreign partnership is engaged in the conduct of a U.S. trade or business, |
unless the broker does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that you are a U.S. person and
the documentation requirements described above are met or you otherwise establish an exemption.
Backup withholding will apply if the sale is subject to information reporting and the broker has
actual knowledge that you are a U.S. person.
You generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules
that exceed your actual income tax liability by filing a refund claim with the IRS.
Tax Aspects of our Investments in our Operating Partnership
The following discussion summarizes certain federal income tax considerations applicable to
our direct or indirect investments in our Operating Partnership and any subsidiary partnerships or
limited liability companies that we form or acquire (each individually a Partnership and,
collectively, the Partnerships). The discussion does not cover state or local tax laws or any
federal tax laws other than income tax laws.
Classification as Partnerships. We will include in our income our distributive share of each
Partnerships income and we will deduct our distributive share of each Partnerships losses only if
such Partnership is classified for federal income tax purposes as a partnership (or an entity that
is disregarded for federal income tax purposes if the entity has only one owner or member), rather
than as a corporation or an association taxable as a corporation. An organization with at least two
owners or members will be classified as a partnership, rather than as a corporation, for federal
income tax purposes if it:
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is treated as a partnership under the Treasury regulations relating to
entity classification (the check-the-box regulations); and |
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is not a publicly traded partnership. |
Under the check-the-box regulations, an unincorporated entity with at least two owners or
members may elect to be classified either as an association taxable as a corporation or as a
partnership. If such an entity fails to make an election, it generally will be treated as a
partnership for federal income tax purposes. Each Partnership intends to be classified as a
partnership for federal income tax purposes (or an entity that is disregarded for federal income
tax purposes if the entity has only one owner or member), and no Partnership will elect to be
treated as an association taxable as a corporation under the check-the-box regulations.
A publicly traded partnership is a partnership whose interests are traded on an established
securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent
thereof. A publicly traded partnership will not, however, be treated as a corporation for any
taxable year if 90% or more of the partnerships gross income for such year consists of certain
passive-type income, including real property rents, gains from the sale or other disposition of
real property, interest, and dividends (the 90% passive income exception).
Treasury regulations (the PTP regulations) provide limited safe harbors from the definition
of a publicly traded partnership. Pursuant to one of those safe harbors (the private placement
exclusion), interests in a partnership will not be treated as readily tradable on a secondary
market or the substantial equivalent thereof if (1) all interests in the partnership were issued in
a transaction or transactions that were not required to be registered under the Securities Act and (2) the partnership does not have more than 100 partners at any time during
the partnerships taxable year. In determining the number of partners in a partnership, a person
owning an interest in a partnership, grantor trust, or S corporation that owns an interest in the
partnership is treated as a partner in such partnership only if (1) substantially all of the value
of the owners interest in the entity is attributable to the entitys direct or indirect interest
in the partnership and (2) a principal purpose of the use of the entity is to permit the
partnership to satisfy the 100-partner limitation. We currently intend that each Partnership will
qualify for the private placement exclusion.
We have not requested, and do not intend to request, a ruling from the Internal Revenue
Service that the Partnerships will be classified as partnerships for federal income tax purposes.
If for any reason a Partnership were taxable as a corporation, rather than as a partnership, for
federal income tax purposes, we likely would not be able to qualify as a REIT. See Income Tests and Asset Tests. In addition, any
change in a Partnerships status for tax purposes might be treated as a taxable event, in which
case we might incur tax liability without any related cash distribution. See Annual Distribution Requirement. Further, items of income and
deduction of such Partnership would not pass through to its partners, and its partners would be
treated as stockholders for tax purposes. Consequently, such Partnership would be required to pay
income tax at corporate rates on its net income, and distributions to its
partners would constitute dividends that would not be deductible in computing such Partnerships
taxable income.
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Income Taxation of the Partnerships and Their Partners
Partners, Not the Partnerships, Subject to Tax. A partnership is not a taxable entity for
federal income tax purposes. Rather, we are required to take into account our allocable share of
each Partnerships income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits for any taxable year of such
Partnership ending within or with our taxable year, without regard to whether we have received or
will receive any distribution from such Partnership.
Partnership Allocations. Although a partnership agreement generally will determine the
allocation of income and losses among partners, such allocations may be disregarded for tax
purposes if they do not comply with certain provisions of the federal income tax laws governing
partnership allocations. If an allocation is not recognized for federal income tax purposes, the
item subject to the allocation will be reallocated in accordance with the partners interests in
the partnership, which will be determined by taking into account all of the facts and circumstances
relating to the economic arrangement of the partners with respect to such item. We expect that each
Partnerships allocations of taxable income, gain, and loss will be respected for U.S. federal
income tax purposes.
Tax Allocations With Respect to Contributed Properties. Income, gain, loss, and deduction
attributable to appreciated or depreciated property that is contributed to a partnership in
exchange for an interest in the partnership must be allocated in a manner such that the
contributing partner is charged with, or benefits from, respectively, the unrealized gain or
unrealized loss associated with the property at the time of the contribution. The amount of such
unrealized gain or unrealized loss (built-in gain or built-in loss) is generally equal to the
difference between the fair market value of the contributed property at the time of contribution
and the adjusted tax basis of such property at the time of contribution (a book-tax difference).
Such allocations are solely for federal income tax purposes and do not affect the book capital
accounts or other economic or legal arrangements among the partners. The U.S. Treasury Department
has issued regulations requiring partnerships to use a reasonable method for allocating items
with respect to which there is a book-tax difference and outlining several reasonable allocation
methods.
Under our Operating Partnerships partnership agreement, depreciation or amortization
deductions of the operating partnership generally will be allocated among the partners in
accordance with their respective interests in our Operating Partnership, except to the extent that
our Operating Partnership is required under the federal income tax laws governing partnership
allocations to use a method for allocating tax depreciation deductions attributable to contributed
properties. In addition, gain or loss on the sale of a property that has been contributed, in whole
or in part, to our Operating Partnership will be specially allocated to the contributing partners
to the extent of any built-in gain or loss with respect to such property for federal income tax
purposes.
Basis in Partnership Interest. Our adjusted tax basis in our partnership interest in our
Operating Partnership generally will be equal to:
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the amount of cash and the basis of any other property contributed by us to our Operating Partnership; |
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increased by our allocable share of our Operating Partnerships income and our allocable share of
indebtedness of our Operating Partnership; and |
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reduced, but not below zero, by our allocable share of our Operating Partnerships loss and the
amount of cash distributed to us, and by constructive distributions resulting from a reduction in our
share of indebtedness of our Operating Partnership. |
If the allocation of our distributive share of our Operating Partnerships loss would reduce
the adjusted tax basis of our partnership interest below zero, the recognition of such loss will be
deferred until such time as the recognition of such loss would not reduce our adjusted tax basis
below zero. To the extent that our Operating Partnerships distributions, or any decrease in our
share of the indebtedness of our Operating Partnership, which is considered a constructive cash
distribution to the partners, reduce our adjusted tax basis below zero, such distributions will
constitute taxable income to us. Such distributions and constructive distributions normally will be
characterized as long-term capital gain.
Depreciation Deductions Available to Our Operating Partnership. To the extent that our
Operating Partnership acquires its properties in exchange for cash, its initial basis in such
properties for federal income tax purposes generally will be equal to the purchase price paid by
our Operating Partnership. Our Operating Partnership generally plans to depreciate each depreciable
property for federal income tax purposes under the alternative depreciation system of depreciation
(ADS). Under ADS, the Operating Partnership generally will depreciate buildings and improvements
over a 40-year recovery period using a straight-line method and a mid-month convention and will
depreciate furnishings and equipment over a 12-year recovery period. Our Operating Partnerships
initial basis in properties acquired in exchange for units in our Operating Partnership should be
the same as the transferors basis in such properties on the date of acquisition by our Operating
Partnership. Although the law is not entirely clear, our Operating
Partnership generally will depreciate such property for federal income tax purposes over the same
remaining useful lives and under the same methods used by the transferors. Our Operating
Partnerships tax depreciation deductions will be allocated among the partners in accordance with
their respective interests in our Operating Partnership, except to the extent that our Operating
Partnership is required under the federal income tax laws governing partnership allocations to use
a method for allocating tax depreciation deductions attributable to contributed properties.
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Sale of a Partnerships Property
Generally, any gain realized by a Partnership on the sale of property held by the Partnership
for more than one year will be long-term capital gain, except for any portion of such gain that is
treated as depreciation or cost recovery recapture. Any gain or loss recognized by a Partnership on
the disposition of contributed properties will be allocated first to the partners of the
Partnership who contributed such properties to the extent of their built-in gain or loss on those
properties for federal income tax purposes. The partners built-in gain or loss on such contributed
properties will equal the difference between the partners proportionate share of the book value of
those properties and the partners tax basis allocable to those properties at the time of the
contribution. Any remaining gain or loss recognized by the Partnership on the disposition of the
contributed properties, and any gain or loss recognized by the Partnership on the disposition of
the other properties, will be allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective
percentage interests in the Partnership.
Our distributive share of any gain realized by a Partnership on the sale of any property held
by the Partnership as inventory or other property held primarily for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of the Partnerships trade or business will be treated as income from a prohibited
transaction that is subject to a 100% penalty tax. Such prohibited transaction income also may have
an adverse effect upon our ability to satisfy the income tests for REIT status. See Income Tests. We, however, do not presently intend to
acquire or hold or to allow any Partnership to acquire or hold any property that represents
inventory or other property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our or
such Partnerships trade or business.
State and Local Taxes
We and our stockholders may be subject to taxation by various states and localities, including
those in which we or our stockholders transact business, own property or reside. The state and
local tax treatment may differ from the federal income tax treatment described above. Consequently,
stockholders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the effect of state and local tax laws
upon an investment in the common shares.
34
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We may sell the securities through underwriters or dealers, through agents, or directly to one
or more purchasers. One or more prospectus supplements will describe the terms of the offering of
the securities, including:
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the name or names of any underwriters, if any; |
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the purchase price of the securities and the proceeds we will receive from the sale; |
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any over-allotment options under which underwriters may purchase additional securities from us; |
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any agency fees or underwriting discounts and other items constituting agents or underwriters compensation; |
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any public offering price; |
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any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers; and |
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any securities exchange or market on which the securities may be listed. |
Each prospectus supplement filed with respect to any offered securities, to the extent
applicable, will describe the number and terms of the securities to which such prospectus relates,
the name or names of any underwriters or agents with whom we have entered into arrangements with
respect to the sale of such securities, the public offering or purchase price of such securities
and the net proceeds we will receive from such sale. Only underwriters named in the prospectus
supplement are underwriters of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement.
If underwriters are used in the sale, they will acquire the securities for their own account
and may resell them from time to time in one or more transactions at a fixed public offering price.
The obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to the conditions
set forth in the applicable underwriting agreement. We may offer the securities to the public
through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a
syndicate. Subject to certain conditions, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all the
securities of the series offered by the prospectus supplement. Any public offering price and any
discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may change from time to time. We
may use underwriters with whom we have a material relationship. We will describe in the prospectus
supplement, naming the underwriter, the nature of any such relationship.
We may sell securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name
any agent involved in the offering and sale of securities and we will describe any commissions we
will pay the agent in the prospectus supplement.
Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, our agent will act on a best-efforts basis
for the period of its appointment. However, no prospectus supplement shall fundamentally change the
terms that are set forth in this prospectus or offer a security that is not registered and
described in this prospectus at the time of its effectiveness.
We may authorize agents or underwriters to solicit offers by certain types of institutional
investors to purchase securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus
supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified
date in the future. We will describe the conditions to these contracts and the commissions we must
pay for solicitation of these contracts in the prospectus supplement.
We may enter into derivative transactions with third parties, or sell securities not covered
by this prospectus to third parties in privately negotiated transactions. If the related prospectus
supplement so indicates, in connection with those derivatives, the third parties may sell
securities covered by this prospectus and the related prospectus supplement, including in short
sale transactions. If so, the third party may use securities pledged by us or borrowed from us or
others to settle those sales or to close out any related open borrowings of stock and may use
securities received from us in settlement of those derivatives to close out any related open
borrowings of stock. The third party in such sale transactions will be an underwriter and, if not
identified in this prospectus, will be identified in the related prospectus supplement (or a
post-effective amendment).
We may provide agents and underwriters with indemnification against certain civil
liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribution with respect to
payments that the agents or underwriters may make with respect to such liabilities. Agents and
underwriters may engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us in the ordinary course of
business.
Our shares of common stock are principally traded on the Nasdaq Global Market. All securities
we offer, other than common stock and other than securities issued upon a reopening of a previous
series, will be new issues of securities with no established trading market. Any underwriters may
make a market in these securities, but will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any
market making at any time without notice. We cannot guarantee the liquidity of the trading markets
for any securities.
35
Any underwriter may engage in overallotment, stabilizing transactions, short covering
transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act, as amended.
Overallotment involves sales in excess of the offering size, which create a short position.
Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing
bids do not exceed a specified maximum price. Short covering transactions involve purchases of the
securities in the open market after the distribution is completed to cover short positions. Penalty
bids permit the underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a dealer when the securities
originally sold by the dealer are purchased in a covering transaction to cover short positions.
Those activities may cause the price of the securities to be higher than it would otherwise be. If
commenced, the underwriters may discontinue any of the activities at any time.
Any underwriters who are qualified market makers on The Nasdaq Stock Market may engage in
passive market making transactions in the securities on The Nasdaq Stock Market in accordance with
Rule 103 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act, as amended, during the business day prior to the
pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of the securities. Passive
market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as
passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in
excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below
the passive market makers bid, however, the passive market makers bid must then be lowered when
certain purchase limits are exceeded.
Some of the underwriters, dealers and agents and their affiliates may engage in transactions
with or perform services for us and our affiliates in the ordinary course of business. Underwriters
have from time to time in the past provided, and may from time to time in the future provide,
investment banking services to us for which they have in the past received, and in the future may
receive, customary fees.
In compliance with guidelines of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, the
maximum consideration or discount to be received by any FINRA member or independent broker dealer
may not exceed 8% of the aggregate amount of the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus and
any applicable prospectus supplement.
EXPERTS
The financial statements and managements assessment of the effectiveness of internal control
over financial reporting (which is included in Managements Report on Internal Control over
Financial Reporting) incorporated in this prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K
for the year ended December 31, 2006 have been so incorporated in reliance on the reports of
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the
authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the offered securities will be passed upon for Gladstone Commercial
Corporation by Cooley Godward Kronish LLP, Reston, Virginia. Legal counsel to any underwriters or
agents may pass upon legal matters for such underwriters or agents.
36
PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.
The following table sets forth the estimated expenses in connection with the registration
and sale of the shares registered hereby, all of which will be paid by the registrant:
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SEC registration fee |
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$ |
9,210 |
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FINRA filing fee |
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$ |
30,500 |
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Printing and duplicating expenses* |
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$ |
10,000 |
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Legal fees and expenses* |
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$ |
10,000 |
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Accounting fees and expenses* |
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$ |
5,000 |
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Miscellaneous expenses* |
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$ |
10,000 |
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Total |
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$ |
74,710 |
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* |
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Estimated pursuant to instruction to Item 511 of Regulation S-K. |
Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
Maryland law permits a Maryland corporation to include in its articles of incorporation a
provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its
stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from (a) actual receipt of an
improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or (b) active and deliberate dishonesty
which is established by a final judgment and which is material to the cause of action. Our articles
of incorporation contain such a provision which eliminates directors and officers liability to
the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising
under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons pursuant
to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that, in the opinion of the
Commission, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of
1933 and is therefore unenforceable.
Our articles of incorporation authorize us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law,
to obligate the Company to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual
who, while a director or officer of the Company and at the request of the Company, serves or has
served another corporation, real estate investment trust, limited liability company, joint venture,
trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, member or director, from
and against any claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which that
individual may incur by reason of his or her service as a present or former director or officer of
the Company and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition
of a proceeding. Our bylaws obligate us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to
indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while a director or
officer of the Company and at the request of the Company, serves or has served another corporation,
real estate investment trust, limited liability company, joint venture, trust, employee benefit
plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, member or director and who is made a party to the
proceeding by reason of his service in that capacity from and against any claim or liability to
which that individual may become subject or which that individual may incur by reason of his or her
service as a present or former director or officer of the Company and to pay or reimburse his or
her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. The articles of
incorporation and bylaws also permit the Company to indemnify and advance expenses to any
individual who served a predecessor of the Company in any of the capacities described above and any
employee or agent of the Company or a predecessor of the Company.
Maryland law requires a corporation (unless its articles of incorporation provide otherwise,
which the Companys articles of incorporation do not) to indemnify a director or officer who has
been successful in the defense of any proceeding to which he is made a party by reason of his
service in that capacity. Maryland law permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former
directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and
reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may
be made a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is established
that (a) the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to
the proceeding and (i) was committed in bad faith or (ii) was the result of active and deliberate
dishonesty, (b) the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money,
property or services or (c) in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had
reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. However, under Maryland law, a
Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the
corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly
received, unless in either case a court orders indemnification and then only for expenses. In
addition, Maryland law permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or
officer upon the corporations receipt of (a) a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the
standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation and (b) a written undertaking
by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if
it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct was not met.
II-1
Item 16. Exhibits.
See the Exhibit Index following the signature page in this Registration Statement, which
Exhibit Index is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Item 17. Undertakings.
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective
amendment to this registration statement:
(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;
(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the
registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or
in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration
statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in the volume of securities
offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was
registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may
be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the
aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum
aggregate offering price set forth in the Calculation of Registration Fee table in the effective
registration statement; and
(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not
previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in
the registration statement;
Provided, however, that:
paragraphs (1)(i), (1)(ii) and (1)(iii) above do not apply if the information required to be
included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or
furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is
contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration
statement.
(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each
such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the
securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be
the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities
being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any
purchaser:
(i) If the registrant is relying on 430B:
(A) Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be
part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and
included in the registration statement; and
(B) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part
of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule
415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a)
of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration
statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness
or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the
prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is
at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the
registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that
prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the
initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration
statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by
reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement
will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or
modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the
registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.
Or
(ii) If the registrant is subject to Rule 430C, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)
as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements
relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to
be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after
effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus
that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed
incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the
registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first
use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus
that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such
date of first use.
II-2
(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act
of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant
undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this
registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the
purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following
communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered
to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:
(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the
offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;
(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the
undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;
(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing
material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of
the undersigned registrant; and
(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned
registrant to the purchaser.
(6) That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each
filing of the registrants annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plans annual
report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by
reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating
to the securities offered therein, and the offering of the securities at that time shall be deemed
to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(7) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may
be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the
foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC
such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and is,
therefore unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities
(other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or
controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding)
is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being
registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled
by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such
indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Exchange Act and will
be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
(8) That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the
information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in
reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to
Rule 424(b) (1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this
registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.
(9) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each
post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new
registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such
securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
II-3
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant
certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for
filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by
the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of McLean, Commonwealth of Virginia, on
December 5, 2007.
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GLADSTONE COMMERCIAL CORPORATION
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By: /s/ David J. Gladstone
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David J. Gladstone |
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Chairman of the Board of Directors and
Chief Executive Officer |
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Each of the undersigned does hereby constitute and appoint David J. Gladstone and Terry L.
Brubaker, and each of them severally, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact with power of
substitution and resubmission to sign in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to do any and all things and execute any and all instruments that the attorney may deem
necessary or advisable under the Securities Act of 1933, and any rules, regulations and
requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with this registration
statement registration, including specifically, but without limiting the generality of the
foregoing, the power and authority to sign his or her name, in his or her respective capacity as a
member of the board of directors or officer of the registrant, the registration statement and/or
any other form or forms as may be appropriate to be filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission as any of them may deem appropriate in connection therewith, to any and all amendments
thereto, including post-effective amendments, to such registration statement, to any related
Rule 462(b) registration statement and to any other documents filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in
person, and hereby ratifies and confirms all said attorneys-in-fact and agents, each acting alone,
and his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue of this
prospectus.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has
been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
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Date: December 5, 2007
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By:
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/s/ David J. Gladstone
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David Gladstone |
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Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors |
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(principal executive officer) |
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Date: December 5, 2007
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By:
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/s/ Harry T. Brill, Jr. |
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Harry T. Brill, Jr. |
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Chief Financial Officer |
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(principal financial and accounting officer) |
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Date: December 5, 2007
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By:
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/s/ Terry L. Brubaker |
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Terry L. Brubaker |
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Director |
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Date: December 5, 2007
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By:
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/s/ George Stelljes III |
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George Stelljes III |
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Director |
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Date: December 5, 2007
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By:
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/s/ David A.R. Dullum |
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David A.R. Dullum |
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Director |
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Date: December 5, 2007
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By:
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/s/ Anthony W. Parker |
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Anthony W. Parker |
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Director |
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II-4
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Date: December 5, 2007
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By:
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/s/ Michela A. English |
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Michela A. English |
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Director |
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Date: December 5, 2007
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By:
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/s/ Paul W. Adelgren |
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Paul W. Adelgren |
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Director |
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Date: December 5, 2007
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By:
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/s/ Maurice W. Coulon |
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Maurice W. Coulon |
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Director |
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Date: December 5, 2007
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By:
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/s/ John H. Outland |
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John H. Outland |
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Director |
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Date: December 5, 2007
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By: |
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/s/ Gerard Mead |
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Gerard Mead |
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Director |
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II-5
EXHIBIT INDEX
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Exhibit |
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Description |
3.1
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Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 3.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-106024), filed
June 11, 2003. |
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3.2
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Bylaws, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registration Statement on
Form S-11 (File No. 333-106024), filed June 11, 2003. |
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3.3
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First Amendment to Bylaws, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Current
Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50363), filed July 10, 2007. |
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4.1
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Specimen Certificate of Common Stock, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the
Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-106024), filed June 11, 2003. |
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5.1
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Opinion of Cooley Godward Kronish LLP as to the validity of the shares being offered. |
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8.1
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Opinion of Cooley Godward Kronish LLP as to certain tax matters. |
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12.1
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Statement of Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Preferred Dividends. |
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23.1
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Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. |
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23.2
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Consent of Cooley Godward Kronish LLP (included in the opinions filed as Exhibits 5.1
and 8.1 to this registration statement). |
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24.1
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Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this registration statement). |